Thursday, August 27, 2020

Reading/Writing Assignment #3 “Luck” Essay Example

Perusing/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† Essay Perusing/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† 1. In Greek Mythology, King Midas was a Phrygian ruler. He was enabled to transform all that he contacted into gold by Dionysus. The Midas contact can be deciphered as the capacity to bring in cash or the capacity to make achievement. Imprint Twain applies this in the story â€Å"Luck† by contrasting Scoresby and King Midas. Since each botch Scoresby made transformed into something worth adulating about, it appeared as though he had the Midas contact. 2. A nearby perusing is a definite breaking down of a particular entry or sonnet. It resembles utilizing an amplifying glass to zoom in to see the subtleties. It is utilized to clarify characters, circumstances, thoughts, word choices and so forth 3. By examining the two sections inside and out, the peruser shows signs of improvement comprehension of the style of Twain’s composing. In the exposition, the jargon is inspected in detail and the selection of words is contrasted with the circumstances and the settings. In light of these assessments, the article clarifies how they are legitimately applicable to Twain’s hilarious sense. When perusing the entire story, the peruser doesn't get the parody in his composition. In any case, when inside and out, it comes out. 4. As per Dictionary. com, a sketch is a concise generally clear and casual exposition or other abstract sythesis. A sketch may have almost no or no plot by any stretch of the imagination. Twain’s â€Å"Luck† is to a greater degree a sketch than a short story since it didn’t have that a very remarkable plot. It concentrated predominantly on the impression and thought of the reverend on Scoresby. 5. I have never encountered a circumstance like the one in â€Å"Luck†. We will compose a custom article test on Reading/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom paper test on Reading/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Reading/Writing Assignment #3 â€Å"Luck† explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer I may have, yet I simply don't recall. Be that as it may, I can identify with the reverend’s circumstance on the off chance that I put myself into the story. For instance, on the off chance that I happened to be working at a mid-level office employment and one of my associates had gotten advanced due to a bungle, I would be enraged. I would feel much more dreadful in the event that I had gotten him out. He would not recognize what to do in the upper-level employment and he may commit considerably more errors and ruin everything! Ideally I never need to encounter this, all things considered.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Eco&Finance Essay

There were heaps of ecological assets within reach that will monetary development. Secured territories in a particular domain are basic and could be an extraordinary wellspring of essential technique so as to accomplish expansion in the framework. In agreement to this, there were a few commitments for the said issue, some of them would be advantageous to consider and others may not †it for all intents and purposes relies upon how an individual saw it and how might have the option to contribute in a specific domain. It has been said that there were huge amounts of means so as to create assets for secured regions. It is advantageous that there are steady disciple for a specific undertaking to have the option to keep up the profitability and effectiveness of the secured zones. Considering government subsidizing to produce salary, through this, those in power has assigned spending plan for the sustenance of the territories. Private segment financing likewise adds to the expanding support for the said regions, which thusly will brought extra motivations for the land. Lockwoods, Worboys and Kothari (2006) epitomizes that â€Å"a developing number of business segments are seeing open doors in partnmership with secured zones and with the networks who encompass them† (p. 332). Another basic supplier of the secured zones are the establishments and individual givers who recognize, for example, advantageous for the network as well as to the individuals. It was ellicidated that there are bunches of advantages on putting resources into secured zones. Lockwoods, Worboys and Kothari (2006) hints that â€Å"demand for the advantages managed by ensured zones is probably going to keep on rising especially concerning diversion request, for example, asset request, upgraded data accessibility about the fascination of secured territories, and so on † (p. 340). As we keep up the steadiness of this issue, consequently the venture that we cause will to multiply. It is critical to note likewise on how an individual will profit and what specific benefits an individual could get in keeping up their secured zones. It has been said that by one way or another, there were segregation that happens. Lockwoods, Worboys and Kothari (2006) said that â€Å"there must be away from of income raising destinations and charges must be introduced as an expense for administrations gave not an expense to passage or access rights† (p. 348). To wrap everything, it has been typified that in one way or the other, it is helpful to consider the abilities of secured territories thinking about how it will add to the development and steadiness of a specific spot. Lockwoods, Worboys and Kothari (2006) clarifies that â€Å"economic valuation methods are coordinated towards evaluating the effects that specifically secured territory or approach proposition has on financial government assistance just as to survey the commitment that ensured regions makes to an economy† (p. 354). Corresponding to this, commitments from various parts ought to consistently be on top need since it has an enormous effect for the turn of events and support of the issue and which will balance out the economy.

Friday, August 21, 2020

Millennials and the Rise of Study Drugs

Millennials and the Rise of Study Drugs The Rise of Study Drugs Amongst Millennials The Rise of Study Drugs Amongst Millennials In post-secondary school, many students carry a full-time course load. Of course, with other commitments such as work, children, extracurricular activities, and social opportunities, this can leave little time for studying and school work altogether. Because of this, many students have turned to “study drugs” to gain more hours in the day strictly dedicated to studying; Adderall and Ritalin are medications that have been used to treat attention deficit disorders (ADD and ADHD) for many years, but are now being abused by students to stay awake and cram for final exams, essays, and group projects. In fact, 1 in 5 millennials has admit to using stimulants to enhance their studying. Gaining Access to Study Drugs So, how do students gain access to these drugs? Some will fake ADD-like symptoms to their doctors whom will willingly prescribe them this medication unaware that these displayed symptoms are actually fabricated. Alternatively, many students will find and purchase Adderall and Ritalin through classmates, friends, and even family members. Gain Versus Loss Obviously, many students try study stimulants as a means to focus on studying, stay awake, and really cram a large amount of work into a short period of time. Some see this as a last resort while others see this as an advantage to which they use on a regular basis. Unfortunately, there are a lot of downsides to taking these drugs if you truly don’t need them for medical purposes. Since Adderall helps to keep you awake, it can make it very difficult to fall asleep even after you’re done studying. Insomnia often occurs after taking this drug and as a result, you may end up performing poorly the next day due to the extreme exhaustion that is sure to hit. Non-prescription use of Adderall or other study drugs can also have extreme adverse effects on health including irregular heartbeat, seizures, high temperature, and even heart attack. It also eliminates appetite which can result in low-energy once the drug has worn off including the onset of fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Finally, taking a drug that is not yours is illegal. Many students forget this simple, yet obvious fact and although the term “study drug” sounds innocent enough, it is still drug-use and can get you into serious trouble if you aren’t prescribed for this under honest medical supervision. Study Drug Alternatives Clearly, the problem with non-prescription drug use is a growing concern. Like any drug, study drug stimulants can become addictive, cause many health problems, become financially unsustainable, and get you into serious trouble. Whatever your study needs may be, there is always a safer alternative than drug use. Instead of trying to cram for an exam, have one of our expert writers create a comprehensive study guide for you by ordering our coursework writing services. We also offer essay writing, editing, and even online tutoring to fit your specific needs. Treat your body and mind well and look for effective study alternatives that are safe and that work for you. Check out our services and see what we can do to assist you on your academic journey. Millennials and the Rise of Study Drugs The Rise of Study Drugs Amongst Millennials The Rise of Study Drugs Amongst Millennials In post-secondary school, many students carry a full-time course load. Of course, with other commitments such as work, children, extracurricular activities, and social opportunities, this can leave little time for studying and school work altogether. Because of this, many students have turned to “study drugs” to gain more hours in the day strictly dedicated to studying; Adderall and Ritalin are medications that have been used to treat attention deficit disorders (ADD and ADHD) for many years, but are now being abused by students to stay awake and cram for final exams, essays, and group projects. In fact, 1 in 5 millennials has admit to using stimulants to enhance their studying. Gaining Access to Study Drugs So, how do students gain access to these drugs? Some will fake ADD-like symptoms to their doctors whom will willingly prescribe them this medication unaware that these displayed symptoms are actually fabricated. Alternatively, many students will find and purchase Adderall and Ritalin through classmates, friends, and even family members. Gain Versus Loss Obviously, many students try study stimulants as a means to focus on studying, stay awake, and really cram a large amount of work into a short period of time. Some see this as a last resort while others see this as an advantage to which they use on a regular basis. Unfortunately, there are a lot of downsides to taking these drugs if you truly don’t need them for medical purposes. Since Adderall helps to keep you awake, it can make it very difficult to fall asleep even after you’re done studying. Insomnia often occurs after taking this drug and as a result, you may end up performing poorly the next day due to the extreme exhaustion that is sure to hit. Non-prescription use of Adderall or other study drugs can also have extreme adverse effects on health including irregular heartbeat, seizures, high temperature, and even heart attack. It also eliminates appetite which can result in low-energy once the drug has worn off including the onset of fatigue, dizziness, and fainting. Finally, taking a drug that is not yours is illegal. Many students forget this simple, yet obvious fact and although the term “study drug” sounds innocent enough, it is still drug-use and can get you into serious trouble if you aren’t prescribed for this under honest medical supervision. Study Drug Alternatives Clearly, the problem with non-prescription drug use is a growing concern. Like any drug, study drug stimulants can become addictive, cause many health problems, become financially unsustainable, and get you into serious trouble. Whatever your study needs may be, there is always a safer alternative than drug use. Instead of trying to cram for an exam, have one of our expert writers create a comprehensive study guide for you by ordering our coursework writing services. We also offer essay writing, editing, and even online tutoring to fit your specific needs. Treat your body and mind well and look for effective study alternatives that are safe and that work for you. Check out our services and see what we can do to assist you on your academic journey.

Monday, May 25, 2020

How Can I Live The Life Of a True Hero Essay - 609 Words

Heroes and Role Models: 10RE How Can I Live The Life Of a True Hero? The true meaning of the word â€Å"hero† has been distorted over time with the media ascribing the word to some individuals who may not deserve the title of a hero. The definition of a hero is â€Å"A person, typically a man, who is admired for their courageousness, bravery, compassion and their willingness to sacrifice (Dictionary.com, 2014).† All hero’s and role models have a sense of courageousness. At Marist College; all boys are challenged to act courageously and follow in the footsteps of St. Marcellin Champagne. Viriliter Age! The understanding of a hero can be interpreted in multiple ways, including personal, relational and spiritual. A personal hero is one that†¦show more content†¦Although this quote man not be relevant to courageous, it is showing how Mother Teresa is continuing the work of Jesus Christ. Marist Charism is the mission of walking in the footsteps of Jesus. Marist boys all over the world are living their everyday lives trying to do this, with Mary and Marcellin as our role models. There are five characteristics of a Marist College. Firstly, presence is having the ability to care for others and know them for their individuality. Two, simplicity is being honest in the existence of god and ourselves. Family spirit, undertaking the task of bettering the community, sharing life’s success and failures and giving attention to those who’s needs are greatest. Love of work, is working with total confidence in God, encouraging people to discover the dignity of work, a source of self-fulfillment and to motivate teamwork. Finally, in the way of Mary, living in the way of Mary can is seeing Mary as a women n a journey of faith, and the mother of Jesus as one who praised God. References Brainy Quotes. (2001-2014). Mother Teresa Quotes. Available: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/m/mother_teresa.html Last accessed 22nd Mar 2014. Catholic Online. (N.A). Mother Teresa of Calcutta. Available: http://www.catholic.org/clife/teresa/ Last accessed 22nd Mar 2014. Readers digest. (1996-2014). What is a hero?. Available: http://www.readersdigest.ca/magazine/what-is-hero LastShow MoreRelatedHeroism Essay1270 Words   |  6 Pageswill see. You determine how you are looked upon by the actions you make. Every decision you make, every encounter, and every word affects the outcome of your story. You must find your inner hero, and save yourself. What will you do to shape your own legacy? What will you do to be your own hero? Above I mentioned different ways of how to be your own hero. Although you can be your own hero, there also may be people who are heroes in your life. There are many people in my life who I would consider to beRead MoreAnyone Can Be a Hero1524 Words   |  7 PagesAnyone Can Be a Hero By Jennifer L. Jefferson Com/150 July 8, 2012 Sonya Macon Anyone Can Be a Hero Everyone has heard through some type of media resource that there are no more heroes in the world today, that any or everyone we look up to has a bad reputation or not worth our time and eventually will steer us in the wrong direction. To our understanding this is not true there are heroes in our world, Webster dictionary defines hero as a male figure that displays superior courage and strengthRead MoreAre Heroes Born or Made?1263 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"A hero is no braver than an ordinary man, but he is braver five minutes longer. Ralph Waldo Emerson quotes †What is a hero? Is a hero someone who flies around wearing a red cape and blue tights? Is a hero someone in comic books who always fights the bad guys? Or is a hero an ordinary person who just does what they can to help others. Well in my opinion a hero is anyone who can show courage when faced with a problem. A hero is a person who is able to help another in various ways. A person canRead MoreHeroism : A True Hero1283 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge S Patton, a senior officer of the U.S. Army, once said, â€Å"The real hero is the man who fights even though he is scared.† The online dictionary from Merriam-Webster defines a hero as, â€Å"One who shows great courage.† People notice that a hero shows courage and perseverance in overwhelming positions. People can even be inspired to show the same in the problems they are going through. Maybe inside the hero they are nervous, or even scared, but outside they show that they will power through whateverRead MoreEssay abo ut Harry Potter: An Ancient or Modern Hero?1023 Words   |  5 Pagesmodern HERO. The only wizard ever to survive a powerful curse cast by Voldemort, the most powerful dark wizard; Harry was just a baby when he was attacked by the evil wizard. But he escaped the curse and had somehow managed to reverse it and take away Voldemorts power. This story was told for 11 years past only making the story of Harry Potter grow to become an even greater living legend. Most see Harry Potter as a modern hero, one whom acts courageously and sacrifices his life for theRead MoreBeowulf As A Hero1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe concept of hero is never outdated in literary. Every author has their own understanding of how a hero should be like, and all heroes live and behave differently according to the society they live in. The definition of hero is much broader than a man with superpower. In Beowulf and The Great Gatsby, both of the protagonist, Beowulf and Jay Gatsby are considered heroes in the story. Although both of them embody the values of their societies, Beowulf is a more successful hero because he truly reachesRead MoreBeowulf As A Hero910 Words   |  4 PagesWhy We Need Heros A hero, â€Å"a person noted for courageous acts or nobility of character†(â€Å"Hero†). A hero shows much more than honor and glory, they sacrifice their own life to selflessly help out the lives of others. By having heroes it gives us hope, wisdom, and justice throughout the nation. The three main types of heroes include an epic hero, superhero, and your own personal hero. These heroes show that it s more than the cape or armour they wear, they show the true meaning of a hero by definingRead MoreDefining Heroes Throughout The Hobbit, Of Mice And Men And I Am Malala887 Words   |  4 PagesDefining a Hero: â€Å"A hero is a person who, in the face of danger and adversity or from a position of weakness, displays courage or self-sacrifice for some greater good.† As one reflects on the basic definition of heroes and the idea of heroism, this basic thought may be used. However, one could consider that there is no one universal definition for what a certain person may believe to be heroic. Looking at different people or characters and their lives, there are various defining aspects that makeRead MoreJake Barnes As A Hemingway Code Hero1229 Words   |  5 PagesPereyra Mr. Platt IB English-SL 6 November 2015 Jake Barnes as a Hemingway Code Hero in The Sun Also Rises Ernest Hemingway developed the Hemingway code hero after World War I as a representation of those who suffered after the brutality of war. Featured in many of Hemingway’s novels, the Hemingway Code Hero adheres to an unwritten, tacit set of self-established values and guidelines throughout all venues of life. He is a man characterized with a severe amount of drinking, enjoys an unusual sportRead MoreEssay on It Doesnt Take a Cape or Superpowers to Be a Hero1268 Words   |  6 PagesThe former Govenor of Alabama Bob Riley proclaimed, â€Å"Hard times dont create heroes. It is during the hard times when the hero within us is revealed.† The stereotypical image of a hero is a man running around in brightly colored tights with a cape rippling in the wind while they save the world frome evil forces. However, a more realistic image of a hero is in the acts and deeds of ordinary human beings. Some wear suits to work, and some wear protective gear. Others wear dresses, and still others

Thursday, May 14, 2020

Essay on Defences for Murder - 601 Words

Defences for Murder There are only three partial defences for murder; suicide pact, provocation-the loss of self control and reaction must be instantaneous and diminished responsibility. Amongst the three mentioned two are most frequently used, these are provocation and diminished responsibility, and only one full defence, self defence. These defences are used to reduce the sentence charge by the defendant to manslaughter from murder. In the following text I will be examining how men use provocation and diminished responsibility to walk free from murder. I will analyse the advantages and disadvantages of these defences and any alternatives or reforms. Firstly, provocation is seen by men†¦show more content†¦The law today is far too lenient upon men who abuse and kill their wives and claim ‘provocation’ to lessen the charge. Women are constantly beaten by their partners and some kept prisoners in their own home and eventually killed. In the case R.v.Thornton the defendant was a battered wife who killed her husband. Her husband after threatening her, the husband fell asleep, she went to the kitchen and returned with a knife stabbing him while he was asleep. Any sane person would say that she would have never taken her husband on if he were conscious, and if he were, she would have been killed not him. In the case R.v.Wilkinson the defendant had suffocated his wife in front of his four children because she was seeing another man, the defendant claimed provocation and he is currently serving 4 years. We can see from this that the system is unbalanced; it is in the favour of men and degrades the women. In the eyes of many these two defences are the focal point of the English legal system regarding murder, theft, assault etc. These defences can vary the sentence due to the severity of the actions and under what circumstances the crime was committed. If a women, for example, is being beaten constantly by her husband and is imprisoned in the house, and then suddenly lashes out at him and kills him,Show MoreRelatedMurder/Voluntary Manslaughter Criticisms and Reforms1472 Words   |  6 Pagesanswer Murder/Voluntary manslaughter criticisms and reforms Question Discuss the criticisms which may be made on the law on murder (including voluntary manslaughter) Suggested answer It is difficult to divorce criticism of the law on murder without also considering the relevant partial defences under the Homicide Act 1957. This point was made by the Law Commission in August 2006 when they published the results of their review on provocation and diminished responsibility. â€Å"The law on murder isRead MoreCriticisms and reforms or murder and manslaughter1394 Words   |  6 Pagesthe current law on murder and voluntary manslaughter. Consider relevant criticisms of that law, and suggest any reforms that may be appropriate. Despite recent reforms on the law of murder and voluntary manslaughter; including the special defence of diminished responsibility and loss of control, there are still inconsistencies present making the law unsatisfactory. This area of the law is in ‘dire need of reform’; as pointed out by the Law Commission in their 2006 report; Murder, Manslaughter andRead MoreDoes the Use of the Provocation Defence Provide Justice for Victims, Offenders and Society?949 Words   |  4 PagesQuestion 4 - Assess the use of the defence of provocation in achieving justice for victims, offenders and society. (10 marks) Victim – Manpreet Kaur (husband Chamanjot Singh). Murdered by her husband with her throat but eight times. Her husband claimed that she told him she loved another man and that she would have him deported back to India. He said that this was enough provocation for him to lose self control and that he has no knowledge of the events that followed him picking up a box cutterRead MoreAn Examination Of A Defence Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pages Many cases require alternate defences for those who suffer from mental disorders, this defence is known as Not Criminally Responsible on Account of Mental Disorder also known as NCRMD. A defence such as this is used to explain that the perpetrator had a disorder that made them unaware of the crime they had committed and that the crime was wrong. Applying NCRMD as a defence can be difficult as there are many requirements a person needs to meet before they are deemed not responsible. In some casesRead MoreWillow And Xander Case Study1380 Words   |  6 Pagesraises the question of whether Willow and Xander are held criminally liable for Larry’s death by assessing the possible offences and defences that may apply. In order to decide the extent of their criminal liability, if any, a number of criteria need to be considered. Willow Murder Actus Reus Willow may be held criminally liable for murder. The actus reus of a murder is an unlawful killing by the defendant given that the victim was a person and the victim died. In Bland , Lord Goff stated that causingRead MoreThe Police Code Act Of 18991711 Words   |  7 Pages1899 will be analyzed and evaluated in order to come to a reasonable conclusion as to whether the amendment to the act regarding killing for preservation in an abusive domestic relationship should be considered by law to be a crime less than that of murder per say. Continuing on from this, recommendations will be made as to what can be put into action in order to improve and remove any flaws from this alteration regarding domestic abuse. For the purposes of this paper, the definition of family violenceRead MoreOj Simpson1712 Words   |  7 Pagesincludes a bloody glove, bloody socks, hair, and fibres and a trail of blood drops connecting the crime scene and O.J.s estate. Defence lawyers say this physical evidence means nothing because it was either purposely tainted or contaminated. Kenneth Berris testified that two laundry bags are still missing from Simpsons Chicago hotel room. The bloody clothes and murder weapon have never been found. The prosecution says DNA tests place Simpsons genetic markers on the drops of blood leading awayRead MoreAfrican Legal Issues: he Sowth African Law and The English Law1144 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The general defence of necessity has for long been in dispute all around the world. The legal aspects of this defence will be briefly discussed in terms of the South African- as well as the English law. As of the S v Goliath case, the South African view in this particular matter has been established as for the notion of killing another person out of necessity, and has since stayed unchanged. The English Law does not regard the defence of necessity as a justification, but rather asRead MoreDiscuss the Criminal Liability of Dave for the Murder of Edward810 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss the criminal liability of Dave for the murder of Edward. (25) I would charge Dave under s18 of OAPA (1861). For a s18 offence, there needs to be a Mens Rea of intention where the defendant must see some harm and consequence, and the Actus Reus of GBH or Murder. For s18 to be applicable, direct intention needs to be proven. When Direct Intention cannot be proven, oblique intention (as per Woolin, however more recently Matthews and alleyene† is applied, which has more criteria. When itRead More The O.J. Simpson Trial Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesincludes a bloody glove, bloody socks, hair, and fibres and a trail of blood drops connecting the crime scene and O.J.s estate. Defence lawyers say this physical evidence means nothing because it was either purposely tainted or contaminated. Kenneth Berris testified that two laundry bags are still missing from Simpsons Chicago hotel room. The bloody clothes and murder weapon have never been found. The prosecution says DNA tests place Simpsons genetic markers on the drops of blood leading away

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

The Fundamental Causes of the Russian Revolution Essay

The Fundamental Causes of the Russian Revolution The fundamental causes of the Russian Revolution were the direct consequence of a dreadfully long period of suppression of the Russian people combined with a prolonged instability of the Russian government. For centuries, czarist regimes forced their strict demands upon the populace by exerting their unilateral power, with no moral consideration for human life or freedom. At the same time, to maintain its status as a great power, the Tsar promoted higher education. The result was perpetual tension between government and society, especially its educated element, known as intelligentsia. The United States emerged as the leader in automated technology in the late 1800s and†¦show more content†¦The working conditions for the factory workforce was unsafe because there were no safety regulations. The hours were very long and the living quarters were overcrowded and deplorable with no sanitary facilities. Democratic Socialism was now favored by the majority of the people who wanted control over their own production in the factories. The concept of Marxism was recognized by the Russians as early as 1980. The first Marxist group was formed by Georgi Valentinovich Plekhanov, known as the Father of Russian Marxism in 1883. In the late 1800s, one of Plekhanovs most passionate supporters was Vladimir Lenin. Lenin admired Plekhanov as the founder of Russian Marxism and strove to master the revolutionary activity and party building Plekhanov had begun. In 1900, when Lenin founded Iskra, Plekhanov wrote for the paper, and jointly, they supported proletarian revolution backed by Marxist theory. Lenin formed another Marxist party, known as the Russian Social Democratic Party. In August 1903, the Social Democratic Party held a party in congress in London. This congress was significant not only because the entirety of the Russian socialist groups attended, but also because it marked the point of departure for the vital split among the Social Democrats into the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. Both the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks were in agreement with their decision to overthrow Czardom, and to transform Russia into aShow MoreRelatedDefining the Concept of Revolution804 Words   |  3 PagesRevolution Revolutions are events that consists of so many different struggles, challenges, bloodshed, complications as well as victory. Revolution refers to a fundamental change in power or governmental structures thats takes place in a comparatively short period of time. Revolutions have been taking place throughout most of human history. Many of these revolutions have its simmilarites and differences. This essay will focus on the Russian Revolution with the help of discussing two theoreticalRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Causes of the 1905 and 1917 Revolutions in Russia1628 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast the causes of the 1905 and 1917 revolutions in Russia In 1905 and 1917 Russia was tormented by chaotic revolutions. The workers and the intelligentsia had arrived at the point of hating the autocracy because they could no longer endure the suffering, hunger and repression that the tsarist policies brought with them. Years later Lenin referred to the revolution of 1905 as a â€Å"dress rehearsal for the October Revolution† of 1917. In 1905 tsardom nearly fell. Nicholas II succeededRead MoreThe August Revolution ( Russian ) Essay1527 Words   |  7 PagesThe February Revolution (Russian: Ð ¤Ã µÃ ²Ã'€Ð °ÃŒ Ã »Ã'Å'Ã' Ã ºÃ °Ã'  Ã'€Ð µÃ ²Ã ¾Ã »Ã'ŽÌ Ã'†Ð ¸Ã' ; IPA: [fÊ ²Ã‰ ªvˈralÊ ²skÉ™jÉ™ rÊ ²Ã‰ ªvÉ Ã‹Ë†lÊ ²utsÉ ¨jÉ™], known in Soviet historiography as the February Bourgeois Democratic Revolution[2]) was the first of two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It was centered on Petrograd (now known as St. Petersburg), then Russian capital, on Women s Day in March (late February in the Julian calen dar).[3] The revolution was confined to the capital and its vicinity, and lasted less than a week. It involved mass demonstrationsRead MoreRole of Ideas in the French and Russian Revolutions1432 Words   |  6 PagesCount: 1511 How important was the role of ideas in the outbreak of revolution? When comparing the French Revolution of 1789 and Russian October Revolution of 1917, a series of parallels become evident. Both revolutionary groups became determined with an extensive emergence of new ideas, which captured a strong majority of the respective populations. The importance of the ideas was critical to maintaining a drive for the revolutions considering they acted as a manifestation of what the public and theRead MoreFebruary Revolution: Causes1326 Words   |  6 PagesESSAY: CAUSES OF THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION (1917)                                     The February Revolution of 1917 was first of the two revolutions in Russia in 1917, the revolution which began the transformation of the country. As an immediate result of this revolution, TsarRead MoreThe Russian Revolution Of 19171109 Words   |  5 Pagesnot the sole cause of the Russian Revolution of 1917. Even before the outbreak of war, the Russian population were largely dissatisfied with the government under the Tsarist regime. Though the Great War played a role in sparking the Russian Revolution, with much of the unstable faith in the Tsar collapsing in Military Russia, it would be naà ¯ve to discredit the mounting economic and social pressures that contributed to the fall of the Tsarist Regime, and the beginning of the Revolution. Leading upRead MoreThe Russian Revolution Of 19171594 Words   |  7 PagesThe Russian Revolution of 1917 did not just suddenly happen overnight, just as there was no main reason why it happened. The Revolution was more like a virus or bad bacteria. At first you barely notice it, even though you know it is there, but soon it starts to multiply and take over your body and before you know it you have been diagnosed with a terminal illness. There are about 4 or 5 significant reasons why there was the revolution of 1917, with the Russian Tsar Nicolas II to be the blame forRead MoreEconomic, social and political policies1212 Words   |  5 Pagesof any kind. His inept handling of the military matters and insensitivity to the needs of his people helped to fuel the 1914 Russian Revolution. It can be argued that the most successful economic policies were of those, set by Sergei Witte; however, these policies had successes and failures. Sergei Witte, a finance minister from 1892 to 1903, was the architect of Russian industrialisation. Witte believed that, because Russia was so far behind other countries, the state had to play a large roleRead MoreAnimal Farm By Vladimir Lenin1486 Words   |  6 Pagesfarm became just as atrocious as the original was when the pigs begun to walk on two legs, which was incredibly allegorical of the pigs becoming the evil humans that they swore never to become. Overall, the whole story was a metaphor of the Russian Revolution. Much like it occurred in Animal Farm, the visions of a better future dreamed about by Vladimir Lenin do not transpire. The philosophical goals and outcomes of communist societies are drastically incongruent because humankind is avaricious.Read MoreComparing Vladimir Lenin s Eyes And A Capitalist Society1571 Words   |  7 Pagesbourgeois downfall and the victory of the proletariats is inevitable. How? After the overthrow of the incumbent government, the socialist party leading the charge will establish a dictatorship of the proletariat. Lenin used this concept to fuel the Russian revolution, claiming that in his Socialist society this dictatorship would consist of a series of Soviets(councils) consisting of factory workers and other proletarians all participating in a direct democracy. They would prohibit any Soviet that had a

Tuesday, May 5, 2020

Great Gatsby Point of View Analysis Essay Example For Students

Great Gatsby Point of View Analysis Essay Outline1 The Main Peculiarities of Narration in the Great Gatsby2 Point of View in Fitzgerald’s Novel3 Nick Caraway as the Narrator4 Conclusion The Main Peculiarities of Narration in the Great Gatsby It is apparent that the point of view plays an important role in any novel as it influences the way readers understand and interpret the whole story. Point of view is usually expressed through a certain type of narration. A narrator in the novel is the one who tells the story, and it is defined by how the author chooses to portray information and opinions. Sometimes, the narrator provides insight into how the author views events and characters and reveals his/her personal opinions. In other cases, the narrator remains unprejudiced and does not provide any evaluations or visions. In The Great Gatsby, the narrator is Nick Caraway, one of the main characters of the story, who is present at almost every major event throughout the novel. Fitzgerald makes him a peripheral first-person narrator, and such a choice is not accidental. The matter is that even though Caraway is an important figure in the novel, he does not show his personal opinions and feelings vividly. As a result, in the story, he seems to be partially removed. Point of View in Fitzgerald’s Novel The readers see all the events through the prism of Caraway’s vision, and his point of view influences the readers’ interpretation of events. Such a technique is extremely effective in case of Great Gatsby’s tale because it helps to keep the readers in suspense from the beginning to the end. The matter is that the narrator is ignorant of any events and thoughts beyond what is told to him, and it makes the readers intrigued. Point of view is essential in The Great Gatsby. Although the readers perceive the events through the vision of Nick Caraway, the author does not impose his personal opinions on readers. Fitzgerald ensures that his character gives nothing away. As a result, the readers have to make conclusions themselves. Due to such a technique, the novel is very effective in entertaining readers and keeping them interested throughout the whole story. The manner of narration leaves the readers curious about what the characters of the story think and feel and gives an opportunity to make own conclusions and interpret the text differently. For example, at the end of the novel, the author tells about one gentleman’s statement concerning Gatsby’s death. This gentleman told that Gatsby got what he deserved. This statement makes readers think of how they feel about his death, whether they agree with the gentleman or pity Gatsby. Nick Caraway as the Narrator In The Great Gatsby, the character of Nick Caraway can be viewed as a kind of vehicle used to gather information about Gatsby. His character is particularly effective in describing all the â€Å"true colors† of Gatsby and his actions comprehensively. The matter is that he is a narrator and an innocent bystander simultaneously. At the same time, besides being extremely important for revealing the events in the novel, Nick Caraway is also a unique personality. He is different from all the other characters, who are primarily reckless people who do not care about others. Because of the fact that Nick’s values and behavior differ from his friends’ life principles and actions, he is an outsider in this society. Nevertheless, he is present at all most important events and turning points in the story. He witnesses the key scenes that help tell the readers everything about Gatsby from his point of view. .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45 , .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45 .postImageUrl , .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45 , .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45:hover , .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45:visited , .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45:active { border:0!important; } .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45:active , .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45 .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8824e56c6ca4c9430bedaf64cba73f45:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The quiet american EssayNick is shown as an ever-present yet aloof narrator who describes everything in a logical and cool manner. He does not judge other people or impose his thoughts and values on readers. For example, he does not judge Gatsby for his immoral principles and actions. At the same time, he provides important details concerning the settings in which the key events occur as well as some general information and background regarding other characters. Being a present yet rather distanced narrator, Nick ensures that the readers have freedom in choosing their attitudes and forming personal opinions about characters and events. For instance, one of the most importa nt descriptions given by Nick Caraway is presented in an episode where Tom Buchanan hits Myrtle at the Manhattan apartment. He tells the readers what happens and remains logical and cool about what he witnesses. Finally, he simply leaves the apartment, and it emphasizes once more Nick’s being an aloof character. He is able to distance himself and his feelings from what is happening to give the readers an objective picture. Such a unique character as Nick Caraway makes the novel special and effective. As a narrator, he is aloof and ignorant of other characters’ hidden thoughts or motives. As a result, a reader is able to comprehend the events together with him Conclusion In his novel, Fitzgerald uses a specific type of narration. A narrator is a character of the story, Nick Caraway. He is an ever-present yet distant character, and he reveals all the important information about other characters to readers. Due to the fact that he does not reveal his personal opinions and doe not judge others, the readers are able to interpret the text according to their personal thoughts. As a result, the novel is intriguing and keeps readers in suspense from the beginning to the end. Point of view plays an extremely important role in Fitzgerald’s novel as the readers see the events from the narrators point of view. At the same time, Fitzgerald makes it possible for readers to develop personal points of view as the narrator remains unprejudiced and logical in his descriptions. In other words, readers are able to view each character from an objective and comprehensive perspective. At the same time, what is particularly significant is that the narrator is ignorant of the hidden subtexts and motives of actions as well as of other characters feelings and thoughts. It makes readers believe him and stay curious developing own assumptions.

Monday, April 6, 2020

Hamlet Analyzed According To Aristotles Six Elements Of Tragedy Essays

Hamlet Analyzed According To Aristotle's Six Elements Of Tragedy Aristotle's Poetics is considered the guide to a well written tragedy; his methods have been used for centuries. In this guide, he sets out the six elements that compose a great tragedy. In Aristotle's opinion, plot is the most important aspect of the tragedy. All other parts such as character, diction, and thought stem from the plot. Aristotle defines a tragedy as an imitation of an action that is serious, complete, and of a certain magnitude in language embellished with each kind of artistic ornament. The ornaments are separate parts of the play in the form of action, not of narrative, and in the form of pity and fear effecting sympathy from the audience. Shakespeare's Hamlet follows this definition for the most part. The play centers around Hamlet's quest to avenge his father's death; this is a serious action. It is also complete in the sense that all the loose ends are tied together in a sensible, believable manner. Hamlet is able to avenge his father's death by killing his uncle. Shakespeare also follows Aristotle's idea of the tragedy being of a certain magnitude. The characters are supposed to be "perfect people", but people whom the audience can relate to. Hamlet is a wealthy prince, however he deals with the same problems as the common man. He is confused, paranoid, and angered about the circumstances surrounding his father's death. He is also unsure of himself and how he should handle the situation. The audience can relate to this uncertain feeling and they are able to empathize with Hamlet. Aristotle believes that in order for a tragedy to be effective, it must convey pity and fear. He defines pity as a feeling that is aroused by "unmerited misfortune." The fear of impending evil is also prevalent in the play. As the plot progresses, it becomes clear that the king is plotting to kill Hamlet and Hamlet is planning to kill the king. Hamlet's plot is what Aristotle considers complex. Aristotle stresses that diction is important to make the tragedy believable. Shakespeare utilizes diction perfectly and everything his characters say is appropriate for them to be saying. For instance, the king speaks like a king, he always dodges like a true politician. There is an obvious and necessary difference between the way he speaks and the way the gravediggers speak. The gravediggers are common men and therefore they speak like common men. There are some aspects of Aristotle's Poetics that Shakespeare does not follow. For instance, Aristotle states that in a great tragedy, there should be unity of time, place, and action. By this he means the action of the play should take place in the amount of time it takes to perform it, it should occur in one setting, and there should be one main plot or action. Shakespeare breaks all these rules. The play spans over a significant period of time. Also, the action occurs in various settings ranging from the palace to a plain in Denmark. Finally, there are several plots taking place simultaneously. For instance, as Hamlet is struggling with the death of his father, Ophelia is going insane because Hamlet is not returning her love or showing any interest in her. The audience feels pity for Ophelia throughout her ordeal as well. Aristotle would not approve of all the subplots that occur within this play. Shakespeare's Hamlet is a great and effective tragedy which follows most of the guidelines set by Aristotle in Aristotle's Poetics. There are some aspects that Shakespeare does not follow; however the play still effects the audience in the desired manner. In reality, Hamlet would not have the same impact if it followed all the guidelines. For instance, the whole aspect of the subplot about Ophelia's insanity adds much to the play. Shakespeare broke some of Aristotle's rules, but still wrote an effective tragedy that has been appreciated by audiences for centuries.

Sunday, March 8, 2020

The easy way to boost your brain power - Emphasis

The easy way to boost your brain power The easy way to boost your brain power Step away from the keyboard and pick up a pen. Thats the latest expert advice for anyone who wants to study and remember more effectively. We learn better when writing by hand than when we type, according to Anne Mangen, associate professor at the University of Stavanger in Norway, and neurophysiologist Jean-Luc Velay. Senses working overtime This is partly, according to Mangen, an effect of the senses. The physical act of forming letters with a writing implement sends more varied feedback to the brain from the feel of the pen and paper to the motor function of shaping the words letter by letter than pressing identical keys to produce fully formed letters in one go. Indeed, research led by Velay shows that writing by hand leaves a motor memory in a part of the brain that links to visual recognition: the sensorimotor system. In safe hands On this point, Mangen refers to an experiment in which two groups of adults were tasked with learning a foreign alphabet. One group learned the symbols using a keyboard, the other by writing them out. When they were tested at three and six weeks into the experiment on their ability to recollect the letters and to recognise when the characters had been reversed, those whod been writing by hand outperformed the keyboard-users every time. The nature of business in the modern office may have made us all secretly proud of our words-per-minute scores, but if we want to remember what were writing, this speed is not our friend. Call it obvious, but the simple fact that writing by hand takes that bit longer also influences the learning process. Hardened technophiles may scoff and instead try typing in slow motion as they attempt to learn Mandarin or memorise the periodic table, but they still wont be stimulating the right part of the brain. The sensorimotor component forms an integral part of training for beginners, says Mangen.

Friday, February 21, 2020

Nuclear arms race during the Cold War Research Paper

Nuclear arms race during the Cold War - Research Paper Example 6). An increasing distrust of communism developed among most Americans by the end of the war. Their aim was to ‘hide’ nuclear secrets from Soviet hands. America had a monopoly on nuclear weapons, which ensured that Russia was more manageable from a political point of view. Tension brewed between these two states, and sparked a nuclear arms race. The nuclear arms race was a period where several countries developed and examined the power of a myriad of nuclear technology. They kept buffer stocks of thousands of nuclear weapons with an aim of being ahead of one another. Power was tested by the country with the best technology. This was a dangerous era, since the possibility of an all-out nuclear war between countries always loomed. The 20th century had a fair share of near catastrophes and uneasy international policies (Swift p. 14). The Cold War did not make it into the 21st century. Its history explains a period where nations increased their quality and quantity of ‘tools’ of military power; â€Å"An arms race.† This period was first encountered in the 19th century where Russia and France confronted Britain’s naval superiority. Germany had attempted to outdo Britain’s fleet, and the effects spilled over into World War I. After the war between Britain, Japan, and the United States, an arms-limitation treaty took place at the Washington Conference. The degree of tension among nations was high. Nations were incited to develop and test weapons that would wipe out an entire generation. This regime lasted up to November, 1990, when the Conventional Forces in Europe treaty was signed. The entire generation lived under the shadow of looming catastrophe; the survival of humanity was questionable. Any provocation or misunderstanding could have initiated the extinction of humanity. Stockpiles of weapons were developed to levels far beyond

Wednesday, February 5, 2020

Sykes Enterprises Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sykes Enterprises - Case Study Example His primary focus has been financial return and he has used finances as the basis for expansion, retraction and other strategies. However, it is necessary for the top management to reconsider some of the strategies from a financial point-of-view so that it can streamline its current operations. It may not be necessary that a call center should require closure if it is not doing well. There can be consolidation of operations as well as optimization of activities that would result in cost-reduction. Initiative by the top management will be the only reason why call center managers would want to look at their operations and search for cost-minimization strategies. The change should come from the top management to the bottom and this would be the driving factor amongst call center managers for cost reduction. Convergys is the largest market holder in the call center and order processing business. Sykes Enterprises scale of operations is only a fraction of the two market leaders in this business. However, this cannot be attributed to any exceptional strategy on the part of Sykes' competitors. Sykes' aggressive strategy has been in terms of the number of call centers and its cost competitiveness. Sykes Enterprises did not see order processing and bill processing as a major industry and thus its corporate clients were always looking for Sykes when they needed a cost-effective solution. Reliability is one of the key features that is missing from the brand positioning of Sykes in the industry. Thus, Sykes needs to re-consider its position in the industry and work towards improving it from just another low-cost solution to a reliable and smart solutions company - that would work at lower costs not just because of low quality but because it has found the key to strategically reducing costs of its operations. Review of Mission and Objectives Sykes' existing mission and objectives are not very much suited to its operational strategy. Instead of focusing on the low-cost attractions to the corporate world, Sykes should focus on a moderate strategy on using its services and quality of operations as the focal point of attracting corporate customers. It should revise its mission and objectives to incorporate these ideas in its mission and objectives. Further, it should make sure that its strategies reflect this mission. 4.0 Strategic Alternatives and Recommended Strategy Strategic Alternatives It is obvious that Sykes can take more than one action to improve its revenues and build a profitable business. The closure of its operations in India have resulted in consolidation of its costs in the United States. The competitors of Sykes have resorted to opening up call centers in South East Asian nations such as the Philippines to counter the high turnover costs and possible wage rises in Indian cities due to growing economies. It is important for Sykes to focus on its costs and revenues. Sykes needs to increase its revenues and reduce its costs. Sykes can focus on increasing the number of services that it offers from its existing call centers so that the costs of the services do not rise, however, there will be a rise in the revenues for the services. Another recommended

Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Calcium Hydroxide in Simulated Lateral Canal Filling

Calcium Hydroxide in Simulated Lateral Canal Filling Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of calcium hydroxide dressing on the filling of simulated lateral canals by different obturation techniques. Materials and Methods: Sixty single root premolars were instrumented. Simulated lateral canals were drilled on each third of the roots. The teeth were divided into four groups: no dressing and obturation by lateral condensation technique (G1), dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by lateral condensation technique (G2), no dressing and obturation by hybrid technique (G3) and, dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by hybrid technique (G4). The teeth were maintained at 37oC in 100% humidity for seven days, and obturation techniques were performed. Radiographs were taken and lateral canals filled or unfilled were counted. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (ÃŽ ±=5%). Results: The hybrid technique filled large number of lateral canals compared to lateral condensation technique , regardless the use of intracanal medication (PPPConclusion: Regardless the obturation technique, calcium hydroxide dressing reduced the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals. Clinical significance: The persistence of calcium hydroxide residues reduces the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals, possibly representing a potential cause of failure in the future. Keywords: Calcium hydroxide, Endodontics, root canal obturation, laboratory research Introduction The root canal system has a very complex anatomy, characterized mainly by the presence of curvatures, accessory and lateral canals.1-3 The lateral canals can be observed anywhere along the root length of an important percentage of teeth, although more commonly in the apical third.1 Actually, the presence of lateral canals represents a challenge, as they are difficult to reach, clean, disinfect and fill during endodontic treatment,4 representing a potential cause of diseases.3,5-8 Considering that persisting bacteria may be located in not accessed areas like lateral canals, the intracanal medication and three-dimensional obturation of the root system becomes extremely important.4 The intracanal medication has been used to complete the disinfection and to prevent reinfection by these microorganisms,9-11 and can act chemically by killing microorganisms or physically by preventing bacterial penetration.12 The obturation also could prevent reinfection13 as the sealer isolates microorganisms without access to space and nutrients.14 Calcium hydroxide has been widely used as an intracanal medication for its antibacterial effect on most of the microorganisms identified in the root canal system.12 The therapeutic properties of this medication are associated with their pH value and with the period that they remain within the root canals.9,15 It has been pointed out that calcium hydroxide dressing for seven days with subsequent instrumentation and irrigation with sodium hypochlorite, improve the debridement of the root canal system and efficiently eliminate persistent bacteria.16,17 However, it was found that a considerable amount of calcium hydroxide paste remains attached to the root canal after instrumentation and irrigation with various solutions.18-20 Also, it is known that when calcium hydroxide is incompletely removed from the root canal, the residue compromises the endodontic sealing.20,21 Thus, it is possible that residual calcium hydroxide could obliterate the openings of the lateral canals, blocking their filling.19,22 Additionally, the type of obturation technique is a crucial factor to be considered in such situations, since the capability to ensure the filling of lateral canals is an important clinical parameter and may represent a favorable aspect of the filling technique. In this context, the aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the influence of calcium hydroxide dressing on the filling of simulated lateral canals by different obturation techniques. Materials and Methods The study has been approved by an ethical committee from Pontifà ­cia Universidade Catà ³lica do Paranà ¡, under number of register 326/2004. Only one researcher has done the experimental procedures. Sample preparation In this in vitro study, a total of sixty human single root mandibular premolars with medium length between 21 to 23 mm were selected. The teeth were autoclaved and stored in 0.5% thymol solution prior to the experimental assays. The coronal access was gained with a #2 round and a #3080 diamond bur (KG Sorensen, Barueri, SP, Brazil). Then, the coronal and middle thirds of the root canal were shaped using #1, #2, and #3 Gates-Glidden drills (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). The canal length was visually established by placing a #10 K-file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) in each root canal until it was seen emerging through the apical foramen. The working length was determined by subtracting 1 mm from this measurement. The teeth were instrumented at the working length using a #35 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Simulated lateral canals Three simulated lateral canals were drilled on the mesial and distal surfaces (one in each third: coronal, middle and apical) by using a device. This device consisted by a #10 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) with 4 mm from its tip sectioned, which was adapted in a low-speed contra-angle handpiece. The root canals were then instrumented using a #45 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) to the working length to create a smear layer. After every change of file size and at the completion of instrumentation, the canals were irrigated with 5 mL of a 1% sodium hypochlorite solution. Following this, the root canal was irrigated with 5 mL of 17% ethylene diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Merck Brasil, Sà £o Paulo, SP, Brazil) followed by a final flush of distilled water. The root canals were dried with paper points (Tanariman Manufacturer, Amazonas, AM, Brazil). Experimental groups Afterwards, the sixty teeth were randomly divided into four equal groups of fifteen. The groups were separated according to the use or not of calcium hydroxide dressing, and the type of obturation technique, as follow: no dressing and obturation by lateral condensation technique (G1), dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by lateral condensation (G2), no dressing and obturation by Tagger’s hybrid technique (G3) and, dressing with calcium hydroxide and obturation by Tagger’s hybrid technique (G4). Dressing procedure In G2 and G4, the calcium hydroxide paste was prepared by mixing two parts of lab grade calcium hydroxide and 1 mL saline solution to obtain a creamy consistency. The paste was inserted using a #25 Lentulo drill (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), subtracting 2 mm from the working length. The access cavities were temporarily sealed with a cotton pellet and temporary seal (Coltosol, Coletene, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil). The samples were maintained at 37oC in 100% humidity for seven days. Afterwards, the temporary seal was removed and the calcium hydroxide was cleaned using a #35 K-File (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and irrigation with 1% sodium hypochlorite solution and 17% EDTA (Merck Brasil, Sà £o Paulo, SP, Brazil). The root canals were dried with paper points (Tanariman Manufacturer, Amazonas, AM, Brazil). Obturation techniques For obturation procedures, the AH Plus sealer (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used in all groups. The sealer was manipulated according with manufacturer’s instructions. The obturation technique was performed as follow. Lateral condensation For G1 and G2, it was used the lateral condensation technique. For this, a well-fitting master gutta-percha cone #35 (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) coated with sealer was taken up 1 mm from the working length. Then, the master cone was left seated and the lateral condensation was performed using a finger spreader B (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). This spreader was inserted with the sealer toward the canal’s wall and then counterclock wisely removed to create room for the insertion of the accessory gutta-percha cones (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). This procedure was repeated until the insertion of new accessory cones was not possible. After the obturation completion, the excess of filling material was removed and the cold vertical condensation was executed. Tagger’s hybrid technique For G3 and G4, it was used the Tagger’s hybrid technique. For this, a master cone was seated as described above. An initial lateral condensation was performed with the finger spreader B (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland), and one accessory gutta-percha cone was inserted. Next, a McSpadden compactor #70 (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was coupled to a low-speed contra-angle handpiece and introduced passively into the root canal. The penetration of the condenser inside root canal was obtained with the aid of a rubber marker 1 mm short of the working length. With the condenser inside the root canal, next to the gutta-percha cones, it was driven by forward and backward movements up to reach working length, staying in that position for about 1 second. The condenser was removed from root canal with the motor still driven with gentle pressure on one side of the canal’s wall. Following, the vertical condensation of the plasticized gutta-percha was perfo rmed through heat Paiva’s condensers in order to obtain a better adaptation of the filling material. Postoperative radiographs Immediately after filling, postoperative radiographs were taken and all of them were identically exposed, developed, and fixed. The radiographs were placed in slide mounts and projected in order to count the lateral canals filled or unfilled in each group. Only completely filled lateral canals were considered. Three calibrated examiners analyzed the images. Statistical analysis Data were statistically analyzed by the SAS/LAB package (SAS Software, version 9.0; SAS Institute Inc., Cary, USA). Firstly, Kappa’s test was performed to evaluate the examiner’s level of agreement. The assumptions of equality of variances and normal distribution of errors were checked and the data were transformed as suggested by the software. The simulated lateral canals were analyzed using three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD test, considering the dressing, obturation technique and root thirds as study factors. The significance level was set at 5%. Results The value of the test of agreement between examiners was 0.89. In Figure 1, it is observed representative radiographs after obturation by different techniques. The Tagger’s hybrid technique filled large number of simulated lateral canals compared to the lateral condensation technique, regardless the use of intracanal medication (PP Although the coronal and apical thirds had a somewhat larger number of filled lateral canals than the middle third, this difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05) (Table 1). Significant differences were observed when comparing the number of filled and unfilled canals in the same root third of each group (PP>0.05). Discussion After shaping and cleaning the root canal, persisting bacteria may be located in not accessed areas like lateral canals, and this must be considered potentially pathogenic and a cause of future endodontic failure.3,5-8 For this reason, dressing and three-dimensional obturation of the root canal system becomes important steps.4 The use of calcium hydroxide dressing is established in the literature,23 however, persistence of this medication in the root canal walls could prevent the sealer penetration into the dentinal tubules,21 compromising the obturation procedure. Also, several techniques have been developed to achieve an adequate three-dimensional obturation of lateral canals.24 For this, we purposed to evaluate the influence of calcium hydroxide dressing on the filling of simulated lateral canals by different obturation techniques. The actual need to fill lateral canals has been a largely discussed in the current literature.2,4,19 However, it is important to point out that both lateral canals and apical ramifications have been implicated with treatment failure when they are sufà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ciently large to harbor signià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cant numbers of bacteria and to provide these bacteria with access to the periradicular tissues.3,25 Therefore, disinfection, dressing and filling of lateral canals in cases of pulp necrosis and apical and/or lateral periodontitis should be considered important goals of the treatment, although difà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cult to achieve.3 Calcium hydroxide is widely used as an intracanal medication,12 and several techniques have been used to remove it from the root canal.18,21,26,27 The enlargement of the canal to the next file size and copious irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and/or EDTA, which are the procedures commonly used in clinical practice, seems to be unable in completely remove calcium hydroxide from root canal.21,26 There is a consensus that the residues of the medicament persists in the canal even with different techniques for removal.28,29 The results of our study demonstrated that residual calcium hydroxide blocked the openings of the lateral canals, reducing and/or preventing the penetration of sealer or gutta-percha into the lateral canals, corroborating with a previous study.19 Regardless the obturation technique, we demonstrated that when calcium hydroxide was applied as a dressing medication (G2 + G4), 99 of the 180 simulated lateral canals were obturated. On the other hand, when calcium hydroxide was not used (G1 + G3), 129 of the 180 simulated lateral canals were filled. Also, in our study, simulated lateral canals were created in each third of the canal root. We showed that no differences were found among the different root thirds in the same group. About the ability of different obturation techniques to fill simulated lateral canals the literature indicates that warm gutta-percha techniques are superior.2 According to our results, the Tagger’s hybrid technique resulted in large number of filled simulated lateral canals, although it was reduced with the dressing with calcium hydroxide. Also, the lateral condensation showed the worst ability in filling simulated lateral canals, particularly when calcium hydroxide dressing was employed. It is possible that the cold condensation of gutta-percha difficult the penetration of the filling material.30 Thermoplasticized techniques improve the expansion of the material against the dentinal walls.31 A recent study about the interference of calcium hydroxide previous to the filling revealed that the medication can difficult the hermetic filling of the root canal system because of its property of obliterates lateral canals.22 Overall, the persistence of calcium hydroxide residues should be considered as a side effect when selecting this medication as an interappointment dressing in root canal therapy,19,22 regardless the obturation technique to be employed. Conclusions Regardless the obturation technique, calcium hydroxide dressing reduced the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals. Clinical significance The persistence of calcium hydroxide residues reduces the penetration of filling material in simulated lateral canals, possibly representing a potential cause of failure in the future. 1

Monday, January 20, 2020

To Kill a Mockingbird - Southern Traditions :: Free Essay Writer

To Kill a Mockingbird - Southern Traditions The South has always been known for its farming economy, confederate tendencies, family pride, and delicate females in ruffled dresses. In the book To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, the South's familiar traditions become ostensible as a theme throughout the plot. This novel takes place in Alabama in the 1930s and tells a story about a lawyer who defends a wrongly accused black man while trying to raise his two children, Scout and Jem, as they go through life's most active learning stage. Southern ways enhance the plot of the story and give a realistic and historic perspective to the book. This portrayal of Southern culture appears in various forms of racism, hatred, meek women, and family. The Southern women were told and obligated, by some code of southern conduct, to mature into fair-smelling, perfect "ladies." By "ladies" they meant women who were well mannered, good at embroidery, and wore frilly, lacy dresses. One example of this southern tradition occurs when Aunt Alexandra comes to the Finch residence to help Atticus raise his children during the trial. When first arriving she says to Scout, "We decided that it would be best for you to have some feminine influence. It won't be many years, Jean Louise, before you become interested in clothes and boys." This comment implies that the only subjects girls are expected to understand are boys and clothes. Aunt Alexandra makes no mention of Jean Louise's intelligence, education, or personality. Her diction suggests that the only thing Jean Louise is capable of pursuing is her attire and a man. Scout discovers what a "southern lady" is as she notices how Aunt Alexandra "chose protective garments that drew up her bosom to giddy heights, pinched in her waist, flared out her rear, and managed to suggest that Aunt Alexandra's was once an hour-glass figure." Scout was considered to be very improper, wearing overalls and pants, but Aunt Alexandra would still try and introduce her to other ladies. I assume that she did this to try and influence Scout. She hoped Scout would form lady-like habits by watching others. Another example takes place after the trial, when Jem is appalled at the decision the court makes in response to Tom Robinson's case.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Driving Force of Regionalism Essay

To what extent and in what ways have the driving forces of regionalism in South-east Asia changed since the end of the Cold War? Regionalism has become a trend in many regions of the world. Among them, Europe, North America and Asia (Asia Pacific region) are crucial ones. Some observers argue that the world order have been divided between these three regions with the existence of the European Union (EU), the North American Free trade Agreement (NFTA) and The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). This divergent part of the world requires comprehensive realization to make sense of how they have developed throughout history. In particular, writing the history of Southeast Asia remains a challenge as it involves the understanding of ‘societies that often took quite different view of the past †¦(and) a region where the implications of that historical tradition may have a political significance’[1]. Clapham notes that it is even more challenging to analyse foreign policy making in Southeast Asia region[2]. The early 1970’s was a significant period for the states in this region as i t was during this time that five countries decided to join together and define their position in the Cold War between two superpowers and claimed their neutrality. The fact that ASEAN has come up with such a policy is interesting to look at as it gives not only an insight of the driving forces of regionalism in Southeast Asia but also how these developing states saw themselves and formulate their foreign policy in the post-Cold War period. This paper aims to analyse ASEAN’s behaviour in order to access to what extent regionalism has changed since the end of Cold War in Southeast Asia. In that, regionalism would be conceived as ‘a state-led or states-led project designed to reorganize a particular regional space along defined economic and political lines’[3]. The discussion is divided into four parts. The first part discusses the useful theoretical insights of security community to explain why ASEAN states cooperate in the midst of new security challenge in the region. The second part identifies the diplomacy of ASEAN during the post-Cold War period. Given the confine of this paper, the discussion specifically examines the event of the Spratly Islands and the creation of ARF. In the concluding section, achievements and prospects for ASEAN will be addressed. The central argument that this paper advance is that regionalism in Southeast Asia has changed and the changes have been  driven and constrained by the security condition during the post-Cold War era where a regional power vacuum is found. ASEAN emerged from the Cold War as a regional organization in 1967. With the accession of Cambodia, it seemed to be fulfilling the aspirations of its founding fathers to expand membership to include all ten Southeast Asian countries. However, with the end of Cold War and the settlement of Cambodian conflict, ASEAN is facing a new challenge related to issues of security and stability in the post-Cold War regional environment[4]. According to the Bangkok Declaration of 1967, the goal of ASEAN is to ‘accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region; to safeguard the political and economic stability of the region against big power rivalry; and to serve as a forum for the resolution of intra-regional differences’[5]. The formation of ASEAN should be seen as a means of maintaining peace and stability by providing a forum for the discussion and resolution of regional issues relating to security. There are indeed a number of incidents to show that security issue is the major concern of ASEAN such as the call for a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN), the 1976 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation and ASEAN’s role in the Cambodian conflict in the 1980s. However, with the end of Cold War, ASEAN faced a new challenge to its goal when the security environment of South-east Asia was transformed by the change from the old bipolar Cold War security system to the new emerging multipolar system. The new power pattern in the region forced the ASEAN states to cooperate as they realized the security could be in danger if they do not collaborate to improve the situation. This kind of behaviour of the ASEAN states can be best explained by Deutsch’s discussion of security communities. This was especially evident in the study of regional integration and some scholars argued that the concept of security community provides the most useful framework to analyze ASEAN regionali sm. According to Deutsch, a security community is a group that has become integrated and accompanied by formal or informal institutions or practices in order to assure peaceful change among members of a group over a long period of time[6]. Essentially, members within the community retain their independence and sovereignty. The two attributes of such a community are marked by the absence of war and organized violence. To be more specific, as  Yalem notes, a regional security community is a group of states which have ‘renounced the use of force as a means of resolving intra-regional conflicts’[7]. Deutsch further adds that there should be no contingency planning or war-oriented resource mobilization against other members within a security community. This could be acted as an indicator of whether states have developed ‘dependable expectations of peaceful change’[8]. Furthermore, whether a security community has been achieved can actually ‘be tested operationally in terms of the absence or presence of significant organized preparations for was or larger-scale violence among its members’[9]. When applying the concept of security communities into the study of regionalism, it is import ant to make a distinction between security community and a security regime. Buzan defines security regime as ‘a group of states cooperate to manage their disputes and avoid war by seeking to mute the security dilemma both by their own actions and by their assumptions about the behaviour of others’[10]. Although this seems similar to the concept of security community, there is a major difference in that a security regime refers to a situation where the interests of the actors are both not wholly compatible and competitive. Thus, the resulting relationship is rather hostile and the use of force is hindered only by a balance of power[11]. In comparison, a security community is based ‘on a fundamental, unambiguous and long-term convergence of interests among the actors regarding the avoidance of war’[12]. In this context, ASEAN regionalism is more likely to be conceptualized as the process of building the security community rather than the latter. Although a security community seems to be constructed on the ground of interests and identities rather than the idea of common threat, recent literature sketched by Adler and Barnett stress that a security community can actually be triggered by common threat such as ‘cataclysmic events’[13]. As Adler puts it, the concept of a community is ‘the idea that actors can share values, norms, and symbols that provide a social identity, and engage in various interactions in myriad spheres that reflect long-term interests, diffuse reciprocity and trust, strikes fear’[14]. Furthermore, Hurrell attempts to suggest a series of approaches to study contemporary regionalism. He notes that cooperative arrangements in regional cooperation could serve a number of purposes ‘on the one hand, they can serve as a means of responding to external challenges and of coordinating regional positions  in international institutions or negotiating forums. On the other, they can be developed to secure welfare gains, to promote common values or to solve common problems arising from increased levels of regional interdependence. In the security field, for example, such cooperation can range from the stabilization of a regional balance of power, to the institutionalization of confidence -building measures, to the negotiation of a region-wide security regime.’[15] The concept of security community can be applied to explain the creation and the behaviour of ASEAN. During the time of the Cold War, great power rivalries between the Soviet Union and the US in the region has turned Southeast Asia into a battleground with the regional states being used by the opponents with the attempt to create blocs which support their positions or ideologies in the war. Simultaneously, many states in the region have been oppressed by external powers for centuries and not being treated as a respectable actor in the international agenda. Facing with the same hardship, therefore, they came together and create a region free from external interference. However, with the end of Cold War, the security order in this region is characterized by new factors of conflict and instability and ‘regional policy-makers have expressed misgivings about the strategic uncertainties and conflict-creation potential of a post-Cold War order at the regional level’[16]. Among the regional powers, China, Japan and India are generally being seen as the three leading contenders for influence[17]. For some, the involvement of US in the region as the balance of power is still desirable and the possibility of its withdrawal remains a major worry of the region’s stability[18]. In fact, there are a number of unsolved tensions in the region and most of them revolve around China’s strategic ambitions such as its claims for the Spartly Islands. In responding to the new challenge, the ASEAN states have to reconsider and adjust some of the assumptions and principles underlying ASEAN regionalism in order to contribute to regional security and order embedded in the 1992 Singapore Declaration. In order to examine in what ways the driving forces of regionalism in South-east Asia have changed since the end of the Cold War, it is essential to look at some case studies of ASEAN’s post-Cold War diplomacy: China’s claims for the Spratly Islands and ASEAN’s response Situated in the South China Sea, the Spratly Islands consists of islets and reefs with suspected deposits of oil and gas[19]. The disputes involve China, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines, Malaysia and Brunei. Many worried that the dispute will turn into a potential source of armed conflict involving ASEAN members particularly because ‘the likelihood of any agreement on the joint development of the islands involving all the claimants, as proposed by some regional policy-makers and analysts, has limited plausibility’[20]. In view of this, other ASEAN members initiated efforts to address the security issue which was seen as a destabilizing force in the region in the post-Cold War period. Finally in 1989, it was Indonesia alone launched the South China Sea Workshop (SCSW)[21] to promote peaceful settlement of the dispute by emphasizing the lessons of Cambodian conflict and the lessons from ASEAN regional c ooperation. Although the workshop has been extended to include China, Vietnam and Laos in 1991, there were no collective ASEAN position or action on the dispute. The irony lies on the fact that ‘the Spratly seminars are a unilateral Indonesian initiative, resulting from diplomacy not by ASEAN or even a group within ASEAN but by one member country’[22]. The regional community sense was missing in this incident particularly because Malaysia and the Philippines feared that multilateral forum could lessen their negotiating ability thus making bilateral settlements impossible. As a result, they were not willing to support ASEAN to settle the dispute involving other member states[23]. This indicates their determination to uphold national autonomy and also their perspective to view ASEAN only as a confidence-building forum rather than a regional community[24]. Consequently in 1992, China passed a Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone of the People’s Republic of China. The aim of this legislation is for China to formalize far-reaching claims in the South China Sea. The assertiveness of China caused doubt over the effectiveness of the previous launched workshops and made ASEAN members realized that China insisted on unilateral means to solve the problem. ASEAN responded to China’s claims with the ‘ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea’ issued in the same year. The Declaration emphasized the need to ‘resolve all sovereignty and jurisdictional issues pertaining to the South China Sea by peaceful means  without resort to force’ and it urged all parties ‘to exercise constraint’[25]. It has been pointed out that ASEAN has claimed some success by placing the dispute on the agenda of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) with the support of intense lobbying[26]. At the same time, ASEAN has been criticized for failing to negotiate codes of conduct in that China continued to carry on its bilateral agreement with Vietnam in 1993 and Philippines in 1995[27]. However, in a bigger picture, it made clear that all AS EAN members has developed a respect for the codes of conduct enshrined in the 1976 Treaty of Amity and Cooperation on issues relating to peaceful settlement of conflicts and the non-use of force. Evolution of the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) The ASEAN Summit of 1992 declared that ‘ASEAN shall seek avenues to engage Member States in new areas of cooperation in security matters’, therefore, the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) was established in 1993 which ‘serves as a multilateral consultative forum aimed at promoting preventive diplomacy and confidence building among the states in the Asia-Pacific region’[28]. Through the ARF, ASEAN hoped to create regional order based on its own norms as well as the new norm of inclusiveness which is essential to cooperative security[29]. In this content, the ARF provided a test of ASEAN’s norms as the membership of ARF included all the major powers of the international system whereby the regional order in this region would also base on the inclusive approach meaning that the major powers would engage in the management of regional order. In 1995, the Philippines discovered the incident of Mischief Reef by China while ASEAN responded by issuing a joint statement criticizing China[30]. It seems this stand of ASEAN fulfils the idea of community, however, it is only a partial fulfillment due to the fact that the ASEAN members have different interpretations of the conflict. ASEAN consensus is always revolved around the norms of peaceful settlement of conflict which is being seen as the guarantee for stability. However, they did not identify with the position of the Philippines, for instance, Thailand considered the dispute as bilateral and not a dispute between ASEAN and China. Again, the event actually put a test on the ASEAN member’s ability to come up with a collective position. As Malik comments on the future of the Southeast Asia regionalism, he points out that to maintain  peace in the region, it is ‘not only founded on the stability of a balance but is sourced in a sense of shared aspirations and common destiny’[31]. In view of this, the lack of consensus among ASEAN member states indicated their unwillingness to demand standards of behaviour from China which only reinforced the ASEAN’s partial fulfillment as a community. In general, the post-Cold War period has posed unleashing of conflicts in the Asia Pacific region which were effectively suppressed during the colonial era and the subsequent period of superpower rivalry[32]. With the end of bipolarity, there is a greater potential of conflict. This paper has examined ASEAN’s behaviour in security affairs during the post-Cold War ear with the objective of assessing the validity of the idea of community. Many scholars have widely acknowledged ASEAN’s potential to become a regional security community from both within and outside the region. Snitwongse notes that although ASEAN may not be able to fully achieve self-reliance, its most striking achievement has been community building[33]. Simon claims that ASEAN is perhaps a security community in which no member would consider the use of force against each other to settle disputes[34]. In the aftermath of the end of Cold War, the absence of war among the ASEAN members is indeed being recognized by many as a great achievement. Based on the discussion of this paper, it has proved that ASEAN has developed some of the attributes of what Adler and Barnett call it as a ‘nascent security community’ where a number of triggering mechanisms including threat perceptions, shared identity and organizational emulation are present. After three decades of progress in promoting peaceful intra-regional order, ASEAN faced its greatest challenge since the end of Cold War as the current regional security environment remains in a state of uncertainty. Nonetheless, the prospect of a regional power vacuum implies the possibility of ASEAN’s further progress while the question remains whether ASEAN itself can fill the security gap by mobilizing its collective diplomatic and political resources. Bibliography Acharya, A., A New Regional Order In South-East Asia: ASEAN in the Post-Cold War Era, International Institute for Strategic Studies, Adelphi Paper 279, London, 1993 Acharya, A., Constructing a Security Community in Southeast Asia: ASEAN and the problem of regional order, London, 2001 Adler, E & Barnett, M., ‘A framework for the study of security communities’, in Adler, E. & Barnett, M (eds.) Security Communities, Cambridge, 1998 ASEAN Secretariat, ASEAN: An Overview, Jakarta, 1995 Buszynski, L., ‘Declining Superpowers: The Impact on ASEAN’, Pacific Review, 3/3, 1990 Buzan, B., People, States and Fear: An Agenda for International Security Studies in the Post-Cold War Era, New York, 1991 Catley, B. & Keliat, M., Spratlys: The Dispute in the South China Sea, Aldershot, 1997 Deutsch, K.W., ‘Security Communities’, in Rosenau, J (ed.) International Politics and Foreign Policy, New York, 1961 Dewitt, D.B., ‘Common, Comprehensive and Cooperative Security’, Pacific Review, 7/1, 1994 Haacke, J., ‘Seeking Influence: China’s Diplomacy Toward ASEAN After the Asian Crisis’, Asian Perspective, 26/4, 2002 Hill, C., ‘Theories of Foreign Policy Making for the Developing Countries’, in Clapham, C. (ed.) Foreign Policy Making in Developing States: A Comparative Approach, Farnborough, 1977 Hurell, A., ‘Explaining the Resurgence of Regionalism in World Politics’, Review of International Studies, 21/4, 1995 Leifer, M., The ASEAN Regional Forum, Adelphi Paper 302, London, 1996 Payne, A. & Gamble A., Regionalism and World Order, London, 1996 Simon, S., ‘The Regionalization of Defence in Southeast Asia’, Pacific Review, 5/2, 1992 Snitwongse, K., ‘Meeting the Challenges of Changing Southeast Asia’, in Scalapino, R., Sato, S. & Han, S.J. (eds.) Regional Dynamics: Security, Political and Economic Issues in the Asia Pacific Region, Jakarta, 1990 Tarling, N., Southeast Asia: A Modern History, Oxford, 2001 Tow, W.T., Asia-Pacific Strategic Relations: Seeking Convergent Security, New York, 2001 Whiting, A.S., ‘ASEAN Eyes China: The Security Dimension’, Asian Survey, 37/4, 1997 Yalem, R.J., ‘Regional Security Communities’, in Keeton, G.W. & Scharzenberger, G. (eds.) The Yearbook of International Affairs, London, 1979

Friday, January 3, 2020

Kublai Khan and the Mongols Invasions of Japan

The Mongol Invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281 devastated Japanese resources and power in the region, nearly destroying the samurai culture and Empire of Japan entirely before a typhoon miraculously spared their last stronghold. Although Japan started the war between the two rival empires with hefty troops of honorable samurai, the sheer force and brute strength of their Mongol invaders pushed the noble warriors to their limits, making them question their very code of honor in facing these fierce combatants. The impact of nearly two decades of struggle between their rulers would echo on throughout Japanese history, even through the Second World War and the very culture of modern-day Japan. Precursor to Invasion In 1266, the Mongol ruler  Kublai Khan  (1215–1294) paused in his campaign to subdue all of  China, and sent a message to the Emperor of Japan, whom he addressed as the ruler of a small country, and advised the Japanese sovereign to pay him tribute at once—or else. The Khans emissaries returned from Japan without an answer. Five times over the next six years, Kublai Khan sent his messengers; the Japanese  shogun  would not allow them even to land on Honshu, the main island.   In 1271, Kublai Khan defeated the Song Dynasty and declared himself the first emperor of Chinas Yuan Dynasty. A grandson of Genghis Khan, he ruled over much of China plus Mongolia and Korea; meanwhile, his uncles and cousins controlled an empire that stretched from Hungary in the west to the Pacific coast of Siberia in the east. The great khans of the Mongol Empire did not tolerate impudence from their neighbors, and Kublai was quick to demand a strike against  Japan  as early as 1272. However, his counselors advised him to bide his time until a proper armada of warships could be built—300 to 600, vessels which would be commissioned from the shipyards of southern China and Korea, and an army of some 40,000 men. Against this mighty force, Japan could muster only about 10,000 fighting men from the ranks of the often-squabbling samurai clans. Japans warriors were seriously outmatched. The First Invasion, 1274 From the port of Masan in southern Korea, the Mongols and their subjects launched a step-wise attack on Japan in the autumn of 1274. Hundreds of large ships and an even larger number of small boats—estimated between 500 and 900 in number—set out into the Sea of Japan. First, the invaders seized the islands of Tsushima and Iki about halfway between the tip of the Korean peninsula and the main islands of Japan. Quickly overcoming desperate resistance from the islands approximately 300 Japanese residents, the Mongol troops slaughtered them all and sailed on to the east. On November 18, the Mongol armada reached Hakata Bay, near the present-day city of Fukuoka on the island of Kyushu. Much of our knowledge about the details of this invasion comes from a scroll which was commissioned by the samurai Takezaki Suenaga (1246–1314), who fought against the Mongols in both campaigns. Japans Military Weaknesses Suenaga relates that the samurai army set out to fight according to their code of bushido; a warrior would step out, announce his name and lineage, and prepare for one-on-one combat with a foe. Unfortunately for the Japanese, the Mongols were not familiar with the code. When a lone samurai stepped forward to challenge them, the Mongols would simply attack him en masse, much like ants swarming a beetle. To make matters worse for the Japanese, the Yuan forces also used poison-tipped arrows, catapult-launched explosive shells, and a shorter bow that was accurate at twice the range of the samurais longbows. In addition, the Mongols fought in units, rather than each man for himself. Drumbeats relayed the orders guiding their precisely coordinated attacks. All of this was new to the samurai—often fatally so. Takezaki Suenaga and the three other warriors from his household were all unhorsed in the fighting, and each sustained serious wounds that day. A late charge by over 100 Japanese reinforcements was all that saved Suenaga and his men. The injured samurai drew back a few miles from the bay for the night, determined to renew their nearly hopeless defense in the morning. As night fell, a driving wind and heavy rain began to lash the coast. Close Call with Domination Unbeknownst to the Japanese defenders, the Chinese and Korean sailors on board Kublai Khans ships were busy persuading the Mongolian generals to let them weigh anchor and head further out to sea. They worried that the strong wind and high surf would drive their ships aground in Hakata Bay. The Mongols relented, and the great Armada sailed out into open waters—straight into the arms of an approaching typhoon. Two days later, a third of the Yuan ships lay on the bottom of the Pacific, and perhaps 13,000 of Kublai Khans soldiers and sailors had drowned. The battered survivors limped home, and Japan was spared the Great Khans dominion—for the time being.  While Kublai Khan sat at his capital in Dadu (modern-day Beijing) and brooded over his fleets misfortunes, the samurai waited for the  bakufu  in Kamakura to reward them for their valor, but that reward never came. Uneasy Peace: The Seven-year Interlude Traditionally, the bakufu gave a land grant to noble warriors at the end of battle so they could relax in times of peace. However, in the case of the invasion, there were no spoils to dole out—the invaders came from outside of  Japan,  and left no booty behind so the  bakufu  had no way to pay the thousands of samurai who had fought to fend off the Mongols. Takezaki Suenaga took the unusual step of traveling for two months to the  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹Kamakura shoguns  court to plead his case in person. Suenaga was rewarded with a prize horse and stewardship of a Kyushu island estate for his pains. Of the estimated 10,000  samurai warriors who fought, only 120 received any reward at all. This did not endear the Kamakura government to the vast majority of the samurai, to say the least. Even as Suenaga was making his case, Kublai Khan sent a six-man delegation to demand that the Japanese emperor  travel  to Dadu and kowtow to him. The Japanese responded by beheading the Chinese diplomats, a terrible infringement of the Mongol law against abusing emissaries. Then Japan prepared for a second attack. The leaders of Kyushu took a census of all available warriors and weaponry. In addition, Kyushus landowning class was given the task of building a defensive wall around Hakata Bay, five to fifteen feet high and 25 miles long. Construction took five years with each landholder responsible for a section of the wall proportional to the size of his estate. Meanwhile, Kublai Khan established a new government division called the Ministry for Conquering Japan. In 1980, the ministry devised plans for a two-pronged attack the following spring, to crush the recalcitrant Japanese once and for all. The Second Invasion, 1281 In the spring of 1281, the Japanese got word that a second Yuan invasion force was coming their way. The waiting samurai sharpened their swords and prayed to Hachiman, the Shinto god of war, but Kublai Khan was determined to smash Japan this time and he knew that his defeat seven years earlier had simply been bad luck, due more to the weather than to any extraordinary fighting prowess of the samurai. With more forewarning of this second attack, Japan was able to muster 40,000 samurai and other fighting men. They assembled behind the defensive wall at Hakata Bay, their eyes trained to the west. The Mongols sent two separate forces this time—an impressive force of 900 ships containing 40,000 Korean, Chinese, and Mongol troops set out from Masan, while an even larger force of 100,000 sailed from southern China in 3,500 ships. The Ministry for Conquering Japans plan called for an overwhelming coordinated attack from the combined imperial Yuan fleets. The Korean fleet reached Hakata Bay on June 23, 1281, but the ships from China were nowhere to be seen. The smaller division of the Yuan army was unable to breach the Japanese defensive wall, so a stationary battle evolved. Samurai weakened their opponents by rowing out to the Mongol ships in small boats under cover of darkness, setting fire to the ships and attacking their troops, and then rowing back to land. These night-time raids demoralized the Mongols conscripts, some of whom had only recently been conquered and had no love for the emperor. A stalemate between the evenly-matched foes lasted for 50 days, as the Korean fleet waited for the expected Chinese reinforcements. On August 12, the Mongols main fleet landed to the west of Hakata Bay. Now faced with a force more than three times as large as their own, the samurai were in serious danger of being overrun and slaughtered. With little hope of  survival—and little thought of reward if they triumphed—the Japanese samurai fought on with desperate bravery. Japans Miracle They say that truth is stranger than fiction, and in this case, its certainly true. Just when it appeared that the samurai would be exterminated and Japan crushed under the Mongol yoke, an incredible, miraculous event took place. On August 15, 1281, a second typhoon roared ashore at Kyushu. Of the khans 4,400 ships, only a few hundred rode out the towering waves and vicious winds. Nearly all of the invaders drowned in the storm, and those few thousand who made it to shore were hunted and killed without mercy by the samurai with very few returning to tell the tale at Dadu. The Japanese believed that their gods had sent the storms to preserve Japan from the Mongols. They called the two storms  kamikaze, or divine winds. Kublai Khan seemed to agree that Japan was protected by supernatural forces, thus abandoning the idea of conquering the island nation. The Aftermath For the Kamakura  bakufu, however, the outcome was disastrous. Once again the samurai demanded payment for the three months theyd spent warding off the Mongols. In addition, this time the priests who had prayed for divine protection added their own payment demands, citing the typhoons as evidence of the effectiveness of their prayers. The  bakufu  still had little to dispense, and what disposable riches they had  were given to the priests, who held more influence in the capital than the samurai. Suenaga did not even try to seek payment, instead commissioning the scroll where most modern understandings of this period come from as a record of his own accomplishments during both invasions. Dissatisfaction with the Kamakura  bakufu  festered among the ranks of the samurai over the following decades. When a strong emperor, Go-Daigo (1288–1339), rose in 1318 and challenged the authority of the  bakufu, the samurai refused to rally to the military leaders defense. After a complex civil war lasting 15 years, the Kamakura  bakufu  was defeated and the Ashikaga Shogunate assumed power over Japan. The Ashikaga family and all the other samurai passed down the story of the kamikaze, and Japans warriors drew strength and inspiration from the legend for centuries. As late as  World War II  from 1939 to 1945, Japanese imperial troops invoked the kamikaze in their battles against the Allied forces in the Pacific and its story still influences the natures culture to this day. Sources and Further Information Miyawaki–okada, Junko. The Japanese Origin of the Chinggis Khan Legends. 8.1 (2006): 123.  Narangoa, Li. Japanese Geopolitics and the Mongol Lands, 1915–1945. 3.1 (2004): 45.  Neumann, J. Great Historical Events That Were Significantly Affected by the Weather: I. The Mongol Invasions of Japan. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 56.11 (1975): 1167-71.