Monday, September 30, 2019

The Return: Shadow Souls Chapter 12

Elena checked the edges of the hotel room's draperies for signs of dawn. Bonnie was curled up, drowsing in a chair by the window. Elena and Meredith had been up all night, and now they were surrounded by scattered printouts, newspapers, and pictures from the Internet. â€Å"It's already spread beyond Fell's Church,† Meredith explained, pointing to an article in one of the papers. â€Å"I don't know if it's following ley lines, or being controlled by Shinichi – or is just moving on its own, like any parasite.† â€Å"Did you try to contact Alaric?† Meredith glanced at Bonnie's sleeping figure. She spoke softly, â€Å"That's the good news. I'd been trying to get him forever, and I finally managed. He'll be arriving in Fell's Church soon – he just has one more stop first.† Elena drew her breath in. â€Å"One more stop that's more important than what's going on in that town?† â€Å"That's why I didn't tell Bonnie about him coming. Or Matt either. I knew they wouldn't understand. But – I'll give you one guess as to what kind of legends he's following up in the Far East.† Meredith fixed dark eyes on Elena's. â€Å"Not†¦it is, isn't it? Kitsune?† â€Å"Yes, and he's going to a very ancient place where they were supposed to have destroyed the town – just as Fell's Church is being destroyed. Nobody lives there now. That name – Unmei no Shima – means the Island of Doom. Maybe he'll find something important about fox spirits there. He's doing some kind of multicultural independent study with Sabrina Dell. She's Alaric's age, but she's already a famous forensic anthropologist.† â€Å"And you're not jealous?† Elena said awkwardly. Personal issues were difficult to talk about with Meredith. Asking her questions always felt like prying. â€Å"Well.† Meredith tipped back her head. â€Å"It isn't as if we have any formal engagement.† â€Å"But you never told anybody about all this.† Meredith lowered her head and gave Elena a quick look. â€Å"I have now,† she said. For a moment the girls sat together in silence. Then Elena said quietly, â€Å"The Shi no Shi, the kitsune, Isobel Saitou, Alaric and his Island of Doom – they may not have anything to do with each other. But if they do, I'm going to find out what it is.† â€Å"And I'm going to help,† Meredith said simply. â€Å"But I had thought that after I graduated†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena couldn't stand it anymore. â€Å"Meredith, I promise, as soon as we get Stefan back and the town calmed down, we'll pin Alaric down with Plans A through Z,† she said. She leaned forward and kissed Meredith's cheek. â€Å"That's a velociraptor sisterhood oath, okay?† Meredith blinked twice, swallowed once, and whispered, â€Å"Okay.† Then, abruptly, she was her old efficient self again. â€Å"Thank you,† she said. â€Å"But cleaning up the town might not be such an easy job. It's already heading toward mass chaos there.† â€Å"And Matt wanted to be in the middle of it all? Alone?† Elena asked. â€Å"Like we said, he and Mrs. Flowers are a solid team,† Meredith said quietly. â€Å"And it's what he's chosen.† â€Å"Well,† Elena said drily, â€Å"he may turn out to have the better deal in the end, after all.† They went back to the scattered papers. Meredith picked up several pictures of kitsune guarding shrines in Japan. â€Å"It says they're usually depicted with a ‘jewel' or key.† She held up a picture of a kitsune holding a key in its mouth at the main gate of the Fushimi Shrine. â€Å"Aha,† Elena said. â€Å"Looks like the key's got two wings, doesn't it?† â€Å"Exactly what Bonnie and I thought. And the ‘jewels'†¦well, take a close look.† Elena did and her stomach lurched. Yes, they were like the â€Å"snow globe† orbs that Shinichi had used to create unbreakable traps in the Old Wood. â€Å"We found they're called hoshi no tama,† Meredith said. â€Å"And that translates to ‘star balls.' Each kitsune puts a measure of their power into one, along with other things, and destroying the ball is one of the only ways to kill them. If you find a kitsune's star ball, you can control the kitsune. That's what Bonnie and I want to do.† â€Å"But how do you find it?† Elena asked, excited by the idea of controlling Shinichi and Misao. â€Å"Sa†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Meredith said, pronouncing the word â€Å"sah† like a sigh. Then she gave one of her rare brilliant smiles. â€Å"In Japanese, that means: ‘I wonder; hmm; wouldn't want to comment; my gosh, golly, I really couldn't say.' We could use a word like that in English.† Despite herself, Elena giggled. â€Å"But, then, other stories say that kitsune can be killed by the Sin of Regret or by blessed weapons. I don't know what the Sin of Regret is, but – † She rummaged in her luggage, and came up with an old-fashioned but serviceable-looking revolver. â€Å"Meredith!† â€Å"It was my grandpa's – one of a pair. Matt's got the other one. They're loaded with bullets blessed by a priest.† â€Å"What priest would bless bullets, for God's sake?† Elena demanded. Meredith's smile turned bleak. â€Å"One that's seen what's happening in Fell's Church. You remember how Caroline got Isobel Saitou possessed, and what Isobel did to herself?† Elena nodded. â€Å"I remember,† she said tautly. â€Å"Well, do you remember how we told you that Obaasan – Grandma Saitou – used to be a shrine maiden? That's a Japanese priestess. She blessed the bullets for us, all right, and specifically for killing kitsune. You should have seen how spooky the ritual was. Bonnie almost fainted again.† â€Å"Do you know how Isobel is doing now?† Meredith shook her dark head slowly. â€Å"Better but – I don't think she even knows about Jim yet. That's going to be very tough on her.† Elena tried to quell a shudder. There was nothing but tragedy in store for Isobel even when she got well. Jim Bryce, her boyfriend, had spent only one night with Caroline, but now had Lesch-Nye disease – or so the doctors said. In that same dreadful night that Isobel had pierced herself everywhere, and cut her tongue so that it forked, Jim, a handsome star basketball player, had eaten away his fingers and his lips. In Elena's opinion they were both possessed and their injuries were only more reasons why the kitsune twins had to be stopped. â€Å"We'll do it,† she said aloud, realizing for the first time that Meredith was holding her hand as if Elena were Bonnie. Elena managed a faint but determined smile for Meredith. â€Å"We'll get Stefan out and we'll stop Shinichi and Misao. We have to do it.† This time it was Meredith who nodded. â€Å"There's more,† she said at last. â€Å"You want to hear it?† â€Å"I need to know everything.† â€Å"Well, every single source I checked agrees that kitsune possess girls and then lead boys to destruction. What kind of destruction depends on where you look. It can be as simple as appearing as a will-o'-the-wisp and leading you into a swamp or off a cliff, or as difficult as shapeshifting.† â€Å"Oh, yes,† Elena said tightly. â€Å"I knew that from what happened to you and Bonnie. They can look exactly like someone.† â€Å"Yes, but always with some small flaw if you have the wits to notice it. They can never make a perfect replicate. But they can have up to nine tails, and the more tails they have, the better at everything they are.† â€Å"Nine? Terrific. We've never even seen a nine-tailed one.† â€Å"Well, we may get to yet. They're supposed to be able to cross over freely from one world to another. Oh, yes. And they're specifically in charge of the ‘Kimon' Gate between dimensions. Want to guess what that translates to?† Elena stared at her. â€Å"Oh, no.† â€Å"Oh, yes.† â€Å"But why would Damon take us all the way across the country, just to get in through a Demon Gate that's run by fox spirits?† â€Å"Sa†¦But when Matt told us you were headed to someplace near Sedona, that was really what decided Bonnie and me.† â€Å"Great.† Elena ran her hands through her hair and sighed. â€Å"Anything else?† she asked, feeling like a rubber band that had been stretched to its utmost. â€Å"Only this, which ought to really bake your cookies after all we've been through. Some of them are good. Kitsune, I mean.† â€Å"Some of them are good – good what? Good fighters? Good assassins? Good liars?† â€Å"No, really, Elena. Some of them are supposed to be like gods and goddesses who sort of test you, and if you pass the test they reward you.† â€Å"Do you think we should count on finding one like that?† â€Å"Not really.† Elena dropped her head to the coffee table where Meredith's printouts were scattered. â€Å"Meredith, seriously, how are we going to deal with them when we go through that Demon Gate? My Power is about as reliable as a low battery. And it's not just the kitsune; it's all the different demons and vampires – Old Ones, too! What are we going to do?† She raised her head and looked deeply into the eyes of her friend – those dark eyes that she had never been able to classify as this color or that. To her surprise, Meredith instead of looking sober, tossed back the dregs of a Diet Coke and smiled. â€Å"No Plan A yet?† â€Å"Well†¦maybe just an idea. Nothing definite yet. What about you?† â€Å"A few that might qualify for Plans B and C. So what we're going to do is what we always do – try our best and fall all over ourselves and make mistakes until you do something brilliant and save us all.† â€Å"Merry† – Meredith blinked. Elena knew why – she hadn't used that diminutive for Meredith for more years than she could remember. None of the three girls liked pet names or used them. Elena went on very seriously, holding Meredith's eyes, â€Å"There's nothing I want more than to save everybody – everybody – from these kitsune bastards. I'd give my life for Stefan and all of you. But†¦this time it may be somebody else who takes the bullet.† â€Å"Or the stake. I know. Bonnie knows. We talked about it while we were flying here. But we're still with you, Elena. You have to know that. We're all with you.† There was only one way to reply to that. Elena gripped Meredith's hand in both of hers. Then she let out her breath, and, like probing an aching tooth, tried to get news on a sore subject. â€Å"Does Matt – did he – well, how was Matt when you left?† Meredith glanced at her sideways. Not much got past Meredith. â€Å"He seemed okay, but – distracted. He would go off into these fits where he'd just stare at nothing, and he wouldn't hear you if you spoke to him.† â€Å"Did he tell you why he left?† â€Å"Well†¦sort of. He said that Damon was hypnotizing you and that you weren't – weren't doing all you could to stop him. But he's a boy and boys get jealous – â€Å" â€Å"No, he was right about what he saw. It's just that I've – gotten to know Damon a little better. And Matt doesn't like that.† â€Å"Um-hm.† Meredith was watching her from under lowered eyelids, barely breathing, as if Elena was a bird that mustn't be disturbed or she'd fly away. Elena laughed. â€Å"It's nothing bad,† she said. â€Å"At least I don't think so. It's just that†¦in some ways Damon needs help even more than Stefan did when he first came to Fell's Church.† Meredith's eyebrows shot up, but all she said was, â€Å"Um-hm.† â€Å"And†¦I think that really Damon's a lot more like Stefan than he lets on.† Meredith's eyebrows stayed up. Elena finally looked at her. She opened her mouth once or twice and then she just stared at Meredith. â€Å"I'm in trouble, aren't I?† she said helplessly. â€Å"If all this comes from less than one week riding in a car with him†¦then, yes. But we have to remember that women are Damon's specialty. And he thinks he's in love with you.† â€Å"No, he really is – † Elena began, and then she caught her lower lip between her teeth. â€Å"Oh, God, this is Damon we're talking about. I am in trouble.† â€Å"Let's just watch and see what happens,† Meredith said sensibly. â€Å"He's definitely changed, too. Before, he would have just told you that your friends couldn't come – and that was it. Today he stuck around and listened.† â€Å"Yes. I just have to – to be on my guard from now on,† Elena said, a little unsteadily. How was she going to help the child inside Damon without getting closer to him? And how would she explain all she might need to do to Stefan? She sighed. â€Å"It'll probably be all right,† Bonnie muttered sleepily. Meredith and Elena both turned to look at her and Elena felt a chill go up her spine. Bonnie was sitting propped up, but her eyes were shut and her voice was indistinct. â€Å"The real question is: what will Stefan say about that night at the motel with Damon?† â€Å"What?† Elena's voice was sharp and loud enough to awaken any sleeper. But Bonnie didn't stir. â€Å"What happened what night at what motel?† Meredith demanded. When Elena didn't answer immediately, she caught Elena's arm and swung her so that they were face-to-face. At last Elena looked at her friend. But her eyes, she knew, gave away nothing. â€Å"Elena, what's she talking about? What happened with Damon?† Elena still kept her face perfectly expressionless, and used a word she'd learned just that night. â€Å"Sa†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Elena, you're impossible! You're not going to dump Stefan after you rescue him, are you?† â€Å"No, of course not!† Elena was hurt. â€Å"Stefan and I belong together – forever.† â€Å"But still you spent a night with Damon where something happened between you.† â€Å"Something†¦I guess.† â€Å"And that something was?† Elena smiled apologetically. â€Å"Sa†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I'll get it out of him! I'll put him on the defensive†¦.† â€Å"You can make a Plan A and Plan B and all,† Elena said. â€Å"But it won't help. Shinichi took his memories away. Meredith, I'm sorry – you don't know how sorry. But I swore that nobody would ever know.† She looked up at the taller girl, feeling tears pool in her eyes. Can't you just – once – let me leave it that way?† Meredith sank bank. â€Å"Elena Gilbert, the world is lucky there is only one of you. You are the†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She paused, as if deciding whether to say the words or not. Then she said, â€Å"It's time to get to bed. Dawn is going to come early and so is the Demon Gate.† â€Å"Merry?† â€Å"What now?† â€Å"Thank you.†

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Development from conception to age 16 years Essay

E1. 0-3 – Social and Emotional. Babies around the age of 0-3 will learn how to make eye contact, smile and laugh at others, this will get adults attention and start to form good bonds between the baby and mother. Within social development children learn to make friends and understand the importance of social development skills which will help them success in their personal and professional lives. Babies start to socialise and from bond attachments with people who they normally see the most such as their parents and other family members. Children start to understand all different kinds of social skills. For example, babies and young toddlers will learn to share and take turns during activities and normal everyday routines. Babies need a lot of stimulation in order for their brain to develop and to make opportunities to physically use their body. As babies gradually get older and get to the age of 2, you will realise that they start to change and feel a lot more emotions in themselves, such as temper tantrums. 0-3 – Language and Communication. Babies around the age of 0-3 will experience how to communicate well and understand how communication works. They will start to recognise people’s voices such as their parents and other family members. By being able to recognise their voices will help babies realise who they are and who they should turn to. As babies start growing up they can understand different words and sounds that come from their parents in order to start saying things themselves, such as ‘mama’ or ‘dada’. You will find that babies often talk to themselves but as a parent it may be difficult to try understand what they are saying or trying to say. E2. 3-7 – Social and Emotional. Children at the age of 3-7 will have much more of an understanding of their social and emotional development than when they were a baby. Children react differently and will have gained a lot more understanding of what social development is all about. For example children at this age will know a lot more about sharing and taking turns during activities. For example they will realise that sharing and taking turns is important as they will begin school and there will be many more children in which they will be involved in. Most children at this age enjoy playing and working with others but the very few may like to work and play on their own. Socialising is how children learn to relate to other people and follow what is normal in their society. E.g. Manners and toilet training. Children at this age range can have many mixtures of emotions. This aspect helps children how to learn to express their feelings and how to control and manage them. 3-7 – Language and Communication. During the age of 3-4 children are able to use language well and fairly grammatically although there will be some speech immaturity. Children at this age are able to form good sentences and start to ask question such as ‘why?’ and are able to understand what kind of answers adults feedback to them. At the age of 5-7 children are more likely to understand how to do things on their own. For example they can say their own name, how old they are and be able to recognise different information about themselves. At this age children will also have a good interest in reading and writing. This is important for children as it helps them benefit a lot with their language and communication. They are able to recognise and understand bigger words which they won’t have heard before. (Meggitt C (2006) Page what†¦ E3. Explain two theoretical perspectives relevant to the areas of development. Lev Vygotsky. – Vygotsky believed that children understand language and communication by having good interaction skills between themselves and other people. Vygotsky thought that by the age of 2-3 children should use language to control their behaviour and thoughts. This would explain their feelings by talking out loud. Vygotsky also believed that children develop different communication, expressions and explanation by children playing and interacting with other children either at home or in school. Therefore in schools he said that play was significant for learning and children should help each other through play, this will help children understand the importance of socialising. Children use facial expressions and body language in order to understand what has been said to them. Vygotsky suggested that thought and language began as two different activities. When a baby babbles the baby is not using babbling as a way of thinking, therefore the baby is learning to talk. Jerome Bruner. – Bruner believed that all children learn by having to make their own choices and having the change to have different opportunities in able for them to learn. Independence comes into this theory as independence is a massive impact on children as they should learn to do things for themselves instead of asking an adult. Bruner believed that children learn through different activities such as reading, writing and drawing. He felt that adults should guide and support children during activities like these so he or she could reach their potential. Adults guiding and supporting children is called â€Å"scaffolding†, which helps children to develop their knowledge and understanding. E4. Include three observations as appendices. E5. Written Narrative Observation – Narrative Observations is a lot of detailed information about what the child is doing and what you see. Time Sampling Observation – Observing what happens in a short period of time. Tick List Observation – A list of things an observer looks at when observing children. E6/C1. When you work in childcare settings you are always working with young children, their families and other professionals. You should know that confidentiality is a massive impact when working in childcare settings. Confidential information concerning children or their families should never be discussed with anyone, or written down anywhere as confidentiality is the right of every child and parent whether the information is spoken, written down or on a computer. When working on observations it is also important that you maintain confidentiality. When observing children it is important that you write down all correct information about the child and not write anything that is unnecessary. After observing children you should make sure that all information on observations should be stored away properly which means in a safe and secure place. This is so nobody is able to see what has been written down about the particular child except the person who is responsible for the child, for example the child’s name. It is also important that the name of the setting should stay confidentiality as it could be passed on to people who it may not concern. D1/D2. The observations I carried out showed that child A was confident as she showed she could play alongside her friends, by sharing and taking turns within playing with the babies. Child A was acting out different roles such as mum, dad, brothers and sisters and dressing up. Child A showed that she was being independent by different equipment herself which she needed. For example, she decided she wanted to feed her baby therefore she got out the feeding equipment herself and fed her baby independently. Child A showed that she was particularly interested in playing in the home corner as she stuck to this for a long period of time and didn’t change to a different activity. She showed love and affection to the baby treating it as a real human and looked after her. As child A was playing in the home corner she made sure she was including each of her friends by letting them join in with her and playing nicely. By playing in the home corner it supports children’s needs by helping them with their gross and fine motor skills, such as children will try out new thing containing gross and fine motor skills. B1. When you are working on observations it is important that you plan everything before you start the observation in order for you to look back on the planning and know what you are able to do, and follow everything when it comes to doing them. Talk about working alongside with other parents and professionals†¦ Make sure you are doing the correct observations†¦ Knowing if the observation has gone good or bad? Evaluate and reflect on them†¦ A. There are 4 key components of attachment which are Safe Haven, Secure Base, Proximity Maintenance and Separation Distress. John Bowlby used the word attachment so children could experience bonding with more than one person. He was one of the first people to recognise the needs of babies and young children and a strong relationship with their careers. Attachment is about parents being available to meet their child’s needs and being aware of security within their children. He said that bonds which are formed at a young age have a huge impact on children throughout their lives. Babies and young children who do not have bonds or find it difficult creating bond with other people may find it hard to form relationships in their later life, but he suggested that is was important for babies and young children to have some form of attachment or bond with their mother Mary Ainsworth also looked at attachment working alongside with John Bowlby. She is also a theorist who also looks at attachment in young children. Mary Ainsworth looked at how babies reacted when they were left with a complete stranger then being back with their parents again. This links in with behaviour attachment.

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Rosenfeld and the Chocolate factory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Rosenfeld and the Chocolate factory - Essay Example Rosenfeld and the Chocolate factory During the period 1969 to 2008, the company Cadbury was formally known as Cadbury Schweppes plc. This company was one of the finest confectioneries of UK and other countries. The company’s approach in managing the human resources and business strategy was very systematic and unique. The company followed the traditional human resource management principles and approaches. Most of the traditional human resource approaches use the external factors to determine the Human Resource (HR) policy of the company and resource utilization factors. Cadbury had always maintained a congenial and pleasant working atmosphere. Most of the industries during the period 1879 to 1899 in UK lacked trade unions. Cadbury was incurring meagre amount of losses during this period but still the management gave incentives to the workers. The company had become popular because of its employee friendly nature and the workforce increased from 230 to 2685 during the period 1879 to 1899. Traditionally it was be lieved that labour was a cheap source of capital but Cadbury believed that economizing on labour was unethical and the workers should be regarded as invaluable asset of the company (Price, 2007). Till now Cadbury has taken certain human resource initiatives like sharpening of employee learning skills by imparting extensive training program and conducting managing by value programs (Kozami, 2002). The program focused on interacting and understanding the values of the employees. The company was a member of organizations like Business in the Community and Institute of Business Ethics. (Simms, 2005). Cadbury Schweppes believed that for a successful company a set of business ethics is very important because it improves the productivity of the workers and employees. Cadbury Schweppes was taken over by Kraft Foods Group Inc in the year 2010 by ?11.5 billion (House of Commons, 2011). Employment Values of Kraft Food Group Inc The takeover of Cadbury over Kraft Foods was disapproved largely b y the employees of Cadbury and the Britishers. The employees of Cadbury were unsure about the security of their jobs. The management of Kraft had claimed that after the acquisition they would not shut down any of the Cadbury’s plants and had made some commitments to employees. Kraft had failed to keep its commitment by closing down the Somerdale factory which was one of the major chocolate manufacturing industries of Cadbury (House of Commons, 2010). Some economist believed that the management of Kraft lacked sufficient knowledge and expertise to operate the Somerdale Factory. The management of the Kraft Foods stated that it would honour the terms and condition given to workforce of Somerdale factory after the closure of the factory. The HR director of Kraft, Mr. Richard Doyle claimed that along with severance packages, a job centre facility was available to the workforce of Somerdale factory (House of Commons, 2010). The CEO of Kraft foods Ms. Irene Rosenfeld did not give an y specific job guarantees to the workforce of Cadbury. Kraft Foods is preparing to close the salary pension scheme that was provided to the workforce of Cadbury and cut up to 150 jobs. Moreover, the former employees of Cadbury have not been feeling safe and secure about their future. This can hamper the productivity of Kraft Foods. Answer 2 Organizational change of values and relationships Leadership

Friday, September 27, 2019

Inconvenient truth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Inconvenient truth - Essay Example ed terrestrial heat failing to reach the far atmosphere, hence it is trapped to the earth’s surface due to failure of leaving the earth surface, which in turn increases its normal temperature, resulting in many issues that are discussed by Gore (Kooten, 23). The issues include: The emission of greenhouse gases loads the atmosphere with carbon dioxide and other heat-trapping productions raises universal temperatures and prompts heavier precipitation events. Carbon dioxide resulting from burning fossil fuels and devastated tropical forests collects in the atmosphere, holding heat that would else have escaped into space, this confined heat increases the planet’s usual temperature. Some of the additional heat vaporizes water from the ocean and soil into the atmosphere. Furthermore, developing plants transfer water vapor into the atmosphere. As usual, global temperatures increase, and the warmer atmosphere can also grasp more moisture. Thus, when squalls occur, there is more water suspension present in the atmosphere to drop as hail, snow or rain. Globally, water suspension over oceans has enlarged by about 4% since 1970 according to the 2007 U.N. International Panel on Climate Variation report, it’s most recent (Seymour, 78). It only takes a minor variation in the quantity of water suspension in the atmosphere to have a major outcome. That’s because storms can attract upon water vapor from regions 10 to 25 times bigger than the exact area where the rain or snow in fact fall. Basing on the U.S. Global Change Research Program’s (USGCRP) latest report, scientists have detected less rain falling in light drizzle events and greater rain falling in the fullest precipitation occasions across the United States. From 1958 to 2007, the total rainfall in the heaviest 1 percent of storms improved by 31%, on average, in the Midwest and 20% in the Southeast. After a heavy drizzle event, there is little water suspension in the atmosphere, and consequently, dry periods

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Negation in Arabic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Negation in Arabic - Essay Example A comparison and contrasts of Arabic with the English language provides for several interesting as well as challenging issues. The Arabic calendar, although based on the lunar year, has the same number of months as the English calendar and there is also similarity in the names of the months (Online Arabic Tutorial). But the similarity ends here. Then the language becomes complex with its own set of rules and applications (Edwards, Malcolm). The Arabic grammar reflects the rule of its alphabets and vowels on the correct arrangement of words in a sentence. It makes good use of prefixes and suffixes for various purposes such as negation and also for indicating the future. The use of the alphabet depends on where it is placed in the word (Online Arabic Tutorial). For instance, the letter t (pronounced ta in Arabic) has five variations on the way it is used, depending on its position in the word. The same rule applies for all the other alphabets. The Arabic language is written right to left. However, its numbers are written left to right, just as is done in English and most other languages. The Arabic numerals are based on the Indian numeral system (Online Arabic Tutorial). The ways texts are written influence various other aspects in written and oral expressions. For instance, if an Arabic student were to make graphs indicating statistics of increasing data, the student will show the data increase from right to left. On the other hand, if the same graph were to be made by an English student, the data will show the increase from left to right (Tversky, Barbara). There is the use of a suffix to address adjectives, masculine and feminine genders. The possessive pronoun 'its' does not exist in Arabic. Depending on whether the noun is masculine or feminine, the possessive pronoun is spoken of as male or female. The verb 'to be' is understood but not expressed in Arabic. The comparative degree is indicated through the use of adjectives. It does not agree in gender with its noun, but remains fixed in form. Negation in the past tense is done by using a prefix at the beginning of the sentence. Also, future is formed through the use of a prefix in a sentence. The Arabic language does not have neutral gender. Every noun is either masculine or feminine gender (Online Arabic Tutorial). Semantics The Arabic language has its own repertoire of folk tales and idioms to buttress the language. The language is dimensionally set with its own culture and intonations. Direct expressions, proverbs, idioms, graphics, etc enrich the language. There is no neutral gender and the gender of every noun must be learned. It is important to pay attention to the gender of the nouns because the gender of adjectives, pronouns and verbs that refers to them must agree. Even cities have gender (Online Arabic Tutorial). The language is set with rules that require the crossing of dotting of every t's and i's. Names are replete with use of the name of the Prophet and his relations. Muhammad, Abdullah, Fatima, Jamila are some of the common names bearing divine attributes. The names and expressions

Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Assignment - Essay Example The directors can get an external expert to help in their deliberations (Melbinger 7). The board of directors who are making the executive pay decisions should consist of individuals who are able to reflect diverse viewpoints, but they should be too many. This will enable the directors to consider different options and choose from the best one. The right number of board members in the executive payment committee should also know what is required of them and be ready to do the right thing. They should be afraid to make decisions which touch on the company’s executives, as long as their decisions are in the best interests of the company as a whole (Reda, Reifler and Thatcher 5). The Social Security Act of 1935 was passed during President Roosevelt’s first term as part of his New Deal program. The Act was passed in the back drop of rising poverty and unemployment levels after the Great Depression. The Act was drafted to take care of the needs of those mostly affected by the financial crisis at the time. These people included: the poor, the unemployed, widows, fatherless children and orphans (Attarian 85). According to Attarian, wage and salary workers who were under the age of 65 and employed in commerce and industry sectors within the US were covered in this act. However, domestic workers in private homes, agricultural laborers, casual laborers, ship crew members and officers, Federal Government employees, individuals working in state and local governments, NGO employees and those who were self employed were could not enjoy the benefits of this act

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Assassinations in International Relations Essay

Assassinations in International Relations - Essay Example l relations. Such acts by the powerful countries need to be discussed on the parameters of the three theories of international relations, namely realism, liberalism, and constructivism (Wait 2011, par. 1). The theory of realism is based on assumptions. There are two competing branches of realism based on the assumptions about the behavior of the state, one is the neorealist theory of Kenneth Waltz and another is postclassical realism, which is not similar to Waltz neorealist theory. The impact of the theory of realism crosses the threshold to enter the non-realist theories such as liberalism, another political theory based on the positive human values such as right to freedom, favoring democratic rights. So far an exchange between the two theories has not been fruitful because the neorealist theory stresses with sureness that such an interaction would be a useless exercise. Constructivist theory was an attempt to find new means away from the theories of realism and liberalism. A cons tructivist sees the international relations as â€Å"an interactive process in which the ideas and communications among agents serve to create â€Å"structures†. These structures, in turn, influence the ideas and communications of the agents.† (Rourke 2007, 30). Seeing the height of extremism in political spheres at global scale, supporters of assassinations find nothing wrong morally to indulge in cutting the head of the dragon itself as there is no other option left using military force on the large scale by waging a prolonged war with no end result in sight. War affects the innocent; the actual culprits cannot be nabbed. The â€Å"ethical disconnect,† pervades as stated by Ralph Peters by not making a direct attack on dictators like Saddam Hussein committing atrocities on innocent people; it is devoid of ethical logic. Nonetheless, the norm against assassinations of such scale and kind have been there, which, off late, have been broken by the major super powe r, the U.S. Actually, this norm has been residing in ethical injunctions of basic moral principles in global politics getting strength from the design of international system (Thomas 2000, 106-7). Discussing the reality aspect of the norm as a concession, Thomas (2000, 123-24) states that states were against the norm to assassinate a foreign leader as it was not worth the effort. Assassination was observed as inefficient tool of foreign policy because of doubt over the success of the assassination, as leaders’ security was unassailable. Another reason of going against the norm of assassinations was not getting the desired outcomes of serving the purpose. Thomas findings on norms and practices related to international assassinations indicate how the assassination norms have shifted greatly over time. According to Thomas, it was a quite common foreign policy tool in old times, but a number of changing material factors and evolving normative principles started strong norm agains t the killing of foreign leaders because preference was given to fight of the armies on the battle ground and also because

Monday, September 23, 2019

Innovation of Asian films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innovation of Asian films - Essay Example This paper illustrates Asia as a continent rich with history and culture. The countries here have basically experienced many things that has enriched their culture and filled their history with interesting anecdotes and stories worthy of retelling. China is probably one of the richest and oldest civilizations predating even that of the affluent west. It has been a dilemma then as to why there has been a slow progress in the Asian films and even on their actors whereby they have usually fallen prey to the stereotyping of Hollywood. It seems to point out that despite the rich culture and history of the countries in the continent as well as the world class artistry characteristic of the continent; people including actors have been relegated into sub roles, littered with stereotyping and basically with little or no speaking roles. There were even films wherein the roles that are supposedly portraying an oriental are played by Caucasians. However, it is from these humble roots that the As ian films have slowly gathered strength and over the past decade have shown increasing prominence in the global arena. True there have been Asians that have made big names during the past century in Hollywood but so far there has been an overwhelming preference towards western films and western actors during that time. But, through the years, the growing prominence of the countries in the region in terms of their economic prosperity seem to have helped in boosting the quality of the films that they are able to produce. Rampal (2005) recognizes the reinvention of the Asian film outfits in order to shed the past imagery of stereotyped Asians and take in new and brighter colors characteristic of taking their respective leads on the big screen. Moreover, the improvements in the economies of these Asian nations have also brought in a more educated audience. These intellectual audiences have also been influenced greatly, quite ironically, by the west such as the democracy as well as the a llure and the glitz and glamour of Hollywood. The Abyss The world of films and cinemas has been filled with the myriad of manipulative directors attempting to delineate from reality in their attempts to depict the things that they want. The early development of the world of films seems to have taken a strong parallelism to the real world events. This can be seen with the problem of racism which has been a strong theme back in the early 90’s for the western films. Also, there has been the stereotyping of the Asians as mere second-class citizens. As mentioned, there were even oriental roles ironically being played by western actors. This shows how strongly most Asians are being sidelined as mere supporting actors or even extras with no speaking lines (Associated Content.com 2011). To exacerbate the situation, the stereotyping has even gone beyond the second-class status to an almost three hundred sixty degree turn to make them the utmost bad guys. Many films truly made money on depicting the Japanese as brutal soldiers after the Second World War. This stereotyping has been a strong characteristic of the films preceding the war (Associated Content.com 2011). This has been the characteristic of Asian films which have been like an abyss that has seem to have swallowed the industry of the continent. This seems to have been a very dark chapter of the Asian films which has also coincided to the times when almost all of the countries in the continent are trying to rebuild after the devastation of the war. Most nations have been experiencing hardships and are generally poor. Hence, it seems easy to see as to why there the stereotyping has happened. However, at the turn of the century, Asian countries showed more economic strength and there has been a significant rise initially led by the newly industrialized Asian economies such as Singapore and Korea. At the turn of the century, communist China opened her doors which fuelled the rapid growth of the Chinese econo my. Thus, after sorting through the rubble of the Great

Sunday, September 22, 2019

How Microsoft Office is Used in Businesses Today Research Paper

How Microsoft Office is Used in Businesses Today - Research Paper Example The software allows the user to type, edit, save and format a document which can later be printed or virtually viewed. This application is used to create business letters, reports, written deals, thesis, research reports and almost anything which requires word processing. The software gives convenience to business users through features such as spell checking, preset formats, convenient referencing, reviewing, convenient flow charts, inserting tables and much more (Manzo, Piziak, & Rhoads, 2009, p. 23). Organization can use the mail merge feature to conveniently send letters to their large number of customers. The software is also used to create questionnaire. It provides shapes, buttons, check boxes and other features for this purpose. Word can also be used in creating different pads and forms. Microsoft Excel This is the spreadsheet tool. The software is extensively used in the accounting departments of organizations for recording, editing and formatting. Businesses uses Excel to c reate different financial statements such as Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Cash Inflow/Outflow and their subparts (Gross, Akaiwa, Nordquist, & Littlefield, 2007, pp. 19,20). The software is used in managing the budget, keeping the customer records, business intelligence, sales analysis, performance dashboard and etcetera (What is excel?). Organizations use the Pivot Table function for data summarization where it helps in totaling the data amount and calculating the average of it. The software is used for problem solving. By using the correct tools, not only it can deal with immediate problem presented, but those which are expected with the help of, for example, tools like â€Å"what if† analyses (Gross, Akaiwa, Nordquist, & Littlefield, 2007, p. 24). Most of the companies are using Excel for Corporate Budgeting, especially the smaller one which cannot effort costly BPMS. Organizations are also using Excel for Inventory Management with the help of formula and function featu res of the software. The software can also present the inventory record in a customized way through drop down boxes entries etc (What is excel?). It is also used to create customized forms. The chart feature is often used to give the data a visual presence for greater understandability. Businesses prefer to use Excel in finding out Profit Breakeven because it makes the process very simple. Microsoft Access Access is the database software. The application is widely used by businesses, especially the smaller organizations. The application can be used to build small databases for customer tracking, inventory management system, data extraction, data mart, custom report, sale recording & analysis and much more (Manzo, Piziak, & Rhoads, 2009, p. 656). Different types of organization can use it differently. Schools and universities can use it to create database of their student. Hospitals can use it for their patient’s entry. A FMCG can use it to have record of all their inputs and outputs. Organizations finds effective integration and low cost the main reason to use this software. Microsoft PowerPoint PowerPoint is the presentation creating tool of Microsoft Office. Businesses worldwide are using this application to create presentations in order to better explain their

Saturday, September 21, 2019

The United States Educational System-Based on Age Essay Example for Free

The United States Educational System-Based on Age Essay The United States educational system based on age is adapted to United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization’s (UNESCO) International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) levels. In order to define the levels of education uniformly across all countries, this publication used terms to compile worldwide comparable statistics on education. The organization differentiated seven levels of education ranging from preprimary to tertiary. International descriptions of preprimary, primary, and tertiary education are parallel to the classification used in the United States. On the other hand, lower and upper secondary education has slightly dissimilar meanings. Level zero is called as preprimary education or commonly known as early childhood education. â€Å"It usually included education for children aged 3-5, although in some countries, it starts as early as age 2 and in other continues through age 6. In the United States, preprimary education includes kindergarten (Matheson, Salganik, Phelps Perie, 19). † Primary education (level 1) runs from about ages 6-11, or about first through sixth grades in the United States. Specialization rarely occurs in any countries before secondary education. Secondary education covers ages 11 or 12 through 18 or 19 and is divided into two levels: lower and upper secondary (levels 2 and 3). For purposes of statistical comparability, the United States has defined lower secondary education as grades 7 through 9 and upper secondary as grades 10 through 12. â€Å"In the United States, lower secondary education ends with an examination and constitutes the completion of compulsory education (Matheson, Salganik, Phelps Perie, 19). † Upper secondary education immediately follows lower secondary education and includes general or academic, technical, and vocational education, or any combination thereof, depending on the country. An upper secondary attainment level is roughly equivalent to a U. S. high school diploma. The United States Educational System-Based on Age Page 2 Higher education, also referred to as tertiary education, includes three ISCED levels and is equivalent of postsecondary education in the United States. â€Å"Non-university higher education includes education beyond the secondary school level involving programs that terminate in less than a 4-year degree (Matheson, Salganik, Phelps Perie, 19). † This type of education is at ISCED level 5. ISCED level 6 comprises education programs that lead to a 4-year undergraduate degree. These programs are typically located in universities and other 4-year institutions. The highest level, ISCED level 7, includes graduate and professional degree programs. Compulsory education ends at different ages across other countries. In the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and the United Kingdom, mandatory schooling ends at age 16, the end point is age 14 in Italy and 15 in Japan. In Germany, full-time compulsory education ends at age 16, although students are required to be enrolled at least part-time through age 18 (Matheson, Salganik, Phelps Perie, 14). After compulsory education, enrollment rates drop off. In the United States, enrollment in secondary education dropped from 72 percent for 17-year-olds to 21 percent for 18-year-olds. In the United States, the first opportunity for students to receive secondary certification is upon completing high school, usually at age 17 or 18. In United Kingdom, students take the examination for the general certificate of secondary education when they are 16. Youth who do not continue to upper secondary schooling and are unemployed are eligible for training programs supported by the government but outside the education system. In Germany, the majority of secondary school students who continue after age 16 and are not preparing for university education participate in vocational training at the upper secondary level, including the countrys dual system of pert-time schooling and part-time apprenticeship. The United States Educational System-Based on Age Page 3 Participation in higher education in the United States and Canada was among the highest in the world in 1992. However, this doest not mean that young adults the age of U. S. college students are more likely to be enrolled in education programs in the United States than in other countries (Matheson, Salganik, Phelps Perie, 15). The disadvantage of ISCED levels are planned mainly for (educational) statistical reasons and for validating quantitative productivity. â€Å"ISCED would have restricted use for the purpose of comparability, recognition, mobility and European cooperation in VET. No sector specific and job specific definitions or typology of skills are available (Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, 223-240). † ISCED 1997 is in most contemporary and western countries a useful system to categorize school leaving certificates. In countries with complicated educational systems, like Germany, the ISCED 1997 categories cover hardly the community situation. â€Å"Another disadvantage of ISCED 1997 is the risk misclassification, how national diplomas are sorted into the ISCED 1997 codes. Asking the respondent about the ISCED codes increases the interview burden for the respondent (OECD). † Education is associated to numerous aspects of social disadvantage all through an individual’s life span. â€Å"This includes their time in pre-primary education, in the compulsory schooling system during their childhood years, as young adults in post-compulsory education and during the years of adulthood (Machin, 10). † Social disadvantage also matters for the phase of post-compulsory education, where it is evident that educational inequalities linked to family background tend to persist and become larger (Feinstein, 213-229). The possibility of staying on after the compulsory school-leaving age is connected to family setting and social drawback in many countries. Since involvement in higher education improves life likelihood and triumph as an adult, this The United States Educational System-Based on Age Page 4 compounds the previously wide disparity linked to social disadvantage that arise in the childhood years (Machin, 11). Reference: †¢ Feinstein, Lee. â€Å"Mobility in Pupils: Cognitive Attainment during School Life. † Oxford Review of Economic Policy 20 (2004): 213-229. †¢ Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, Jurgen. How to Measure Education in Cross-National Comparison: Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik/Warner-Matrix of Education as a New Instrument. Mannheim: ZUMA 11 (2005): 223-240. †¢ Machin, Stephen. Social disadvantage and education experiences OECD, Paris, OECD social, employment and migration working papers, Paris: OECD Publications, 2006. †¢ Matheson, Nancy, Salganik, Laura, Phelps, Richard, Perie, Marriane. Education Indicators: An International Perspective, Pennsylvania: DIANE Publishing, 1997. †¢ OECD. Education at a Glance, OECD Indicators 2004, Paris: OECD Publications, 2004.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Role of Exchange Rate Regime in Argentinas 2001 Crisis

Role of Exchange Rate Regime in Argentinas 2001 Crisis Discuss the role of the exchange rate regime in contributing to the 2001 crisis in Argentina. Introduction For much of Argentina’s history, the country has been plagued by a cycle of economic and political instability. Despite the country’s rich resource base, the economy performed badly from the 1950s to the early 1990s. According to the Economist (2002), ‘between 1976 and 1989, income per person shrank by more than 1% per year. Two bouts of hyperinflation, and two banking collapses, destroyed confidence in both the peso and economic policy.’ In order to combat this, in 1991, Menem and his economy minister Domingo Cavallo pegged the Argentine peso one-to-one with the dollar, and this succeeded in halting inflation. However, within ten years this came to be seen as a mistake. Aside from being a means to control inflation, the exchange rate regime can also be seen as Menem deliberately â€Å"tying his hands† in order to avoid taking responsibility for sensitive or unpopular decisions. For example, prices could now rise without wage increases due to currenc y devaluation. Menem had been a very popular president but in the end he left his second term of office in 1999 very much discredited. His government oversaw the development of sharp inequalities and the increasing resentment of the discluded. He lacked any systematic pro-poor or pro-development policies. Menem reduced inflation from a high of about 5000% to 0 and until about 1999, the economy was doing well with stable inflation and stable growth (an average annual rate of 6.1% between 1991 and 1997). From 1999, however, there was serious recession in Argentina and by 2001 just about everything that could be wrong with an economy (aside from inflation) was wrong with the Argentinian economy, and in early 2002 the country defaulted on its $155 billion public debt. The Economist (2002) spoke of the ‘awe-inspiring severity of the economic, financial, political and social collapse’ of Argentina. This essay first examines the theoretical arguments in favour of adopting a pegged exchange rate. Turning to the case of Argentina, the essay then investigates why the exchange rate regime implemented by Menem did not work, how this contributed to the 2001 crisis, and what other factors contributed to the crisis. Pegged exchange rates A government has various different options in terms of exchange rate mechanisms (Fischer 2001). The currency can be allowed to float freely, the exchange rate can be pegged to another currency or group of currencies in a soft way such that the relevant authorities agree to defend the peg but can re-value it if the exchange rate comes under heavy pressure, or it can be pegged hard. Alternatively, some countries have chosen to do away with their national currency altogether and use only the dollar – this is known as full dollarization. Argentina opted for the hard peg – a currency board – in 1991. A currency board maintains a fixed exchange rate with a foreign currency thus subordinating conventional monetary policy objectives to the exchange rate target (a peg with the US dollar, for example, maintains interest rates and inflation very close to those in the United State). For an orthodox currency board, the country’s foreign currency reserves must be suffic ient that all holders of the domestic currency could convert it into the reserve currency. The key advantage of a currency board is that currency stability is no longer an issue because the exchange rate is fixed to a hard currency and the level of inflation is determined in the country of that hard currency. On the other hand, a country which adopts a currency board gives up the ability to manipulate monetary policy according to domestic considerations. Furthermore, the fixed exchange rate will determine the country’s terms of trade. The exchange rate regime in Argentina The dollar peg made exports expensive and imports cheap. This resulted in dollars flowing out of the country, and this combined with a heavy debt burden reduced the reserves of dollars. The government ended up with only a fraction of the reserves necessary to maintain the currency board successfully and this was one of the major reasons for the crisis of 2001. While there were clearly other contributing factors, de la Torre et al (2002) argue that the relationship between the exchange rate regime and the Argentine banking system is key to understanding the crisis, and that an early move from the pegged board to full dollarization could have reduced the magnitude of the economic collapse. ‘The establishment of the currency board in 1991 helped develop the Argentine financial system. Despite its strengths, the financial system remained vulnerable to real exchange rate misalignments and fiscal shocks. After 1998, Argentina fell into a currencygrowth-debt trap. It tried to break aw ay by focusing on growth, but failed to address the currency and debt components of the trap, dramatically raising uncertainty. This unleashed a depositor run, which lead to the abandonment of the currency board’ (de la Torre 2002:abstract). Being tied to the highly valued dollar also hurt the economy as Argentine exports became relatively more expensive. As demand for exports fell, Argentina had to turn to the IMF for emergency loans worth $21.6 billion. What other factors contributed to the crisis? It is important to remember that this was not the first crisis that Argentina has suffered. In order to fully understand the causes of the 2001 crisis, it is necessary to put it into historical perspective. Arguably every president since Peron came to power in 1946 had aggravated the country’s economic, political and social problems with an over-personalised style of leadership characterised by corruption and the use of patronage (financed by printing money) to maintain favour. The historical mismanagement of the economy may have sowed the seeds for the 2001 crisis. In addition various external factors can be seen as trigger causes, contributing to the specific timing of the economic collapse. In the first place, the prices for Argentina’s exports stopped rising. Although the total value of exports did grow from 1999 to 2001, the rate of growth was hampered by protectionism and subsidies in rich countries, and many industries could no longer compete abroad. Argentina’s largest export partner was Brazil, a country which was facing economic difficulties of its own. The negative effect on the Argentine economy was two-fold: Brazilian economic problems and a devaluation not only reduced demand for Argentine exports, but lower wages in Brazil attracted many Argentine manufacturers to move their factories across the border into Brazil. Ollier (2003:184) points to the fragmentation of the politico-institutional system and the extreme dependency of the economy on foreign credit as the major causes of the collapse. The loose fiscal policy of Menem’s second term certainly did nothing to help the economy. While his predecessors had encouraged hyperinflation by printing money to buy political support, Menem now printed bonds to finance the fiscal deficit, and the country’s public debt rose and rose. Conclusion Argentina is not a country which should have any problems: it has a rich resource base and a relatively homogeneous population. Yet Argentina has long suffered various economic problems (as well as political and social problems). High levels of expectation have consistently not been matched by performance. Severe sectoral conflict between the agricultural and industrial sectors has hampered economic development. The existence of three highly organised social groups, each attempting to shape economic policy has also impeded the ability of the government to manage the economy effectively: landowners may have few votes but they have immense economic power; the Argentine union movement is one of the most powerful in the world; and the business sector is highly organised and incorporated into the state apparatus. In addition the political systems and institutions have fostered high levels of corruption with devastating effects on the economy. The federal government is unable to curb the f iscal expenditure of the provincial governments. Neo-liberalism requires effective, independent regulatory mechanisms but in Argentina the legal system is too weak and is incapable of scrutinising audit commissions etc. Furthermore, the presidency is too strong and there are no institutional safeguards to keep the presidency in check. The liberal policies of the 1980s and 1990s stabilised the economy, but at the cost of rising unemployment which, coupled with cuts in welfare provisions, took poverty to new depths. Various external shocks brought about the crisis in 2001 but had the exchange rate regime not been in place, the economy may have been sufficiently flexible to respond to, and recover from, these shocks. The rigidity of the currency board and the corresponding inability of the government to manipulate exchange rate policy or monetary policy is what permitted these shocks to lead to such a severe economic collapse. Bibliography de la Torre, A., Levy Yeyati, E. Schmukler, S. (2002) ‘Argentina’s Financial Crisis: Floating Money, Sinking Banking’ (downloaded from http://www.econ.umn.edu/~tkehoe/classes/Schmukler.pdf on 19 March 2007) Economist (2002) ‘Argentina’s collapse: A decline without parallel’, The Economist, 28 February 2002 (downloaded from www.economist.com on 19 March 2007) Fischer, S. (2001) ‘Distinguished Lecture on Economics in Government: Exchange Rate Regimes: Is the Bipolar View Correct?’, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 15(2) Spring, 2001, pp. 3-24. Ollier, M. (2003) ‘Argentina: Up a Blind Alley Once Again’, Bulletin of Latin American Research, 22(2), pp 170-186

Thursday, September 19, 2019

Hanson :: essays research papers

. What kind of authority did he have? What were his limitations? Was the principle disclosed? Is there a question of interpretation? Is the principal bound by the agents statements? Tests – 1. An agency is a relationship based on an express or implied agreement by which 1 person, the agent, is authorized to act under the control of or for another, the principle, in negotiating and making contracts with third persons. 2. A general agent is authorized by the P to transact all affairs in connection with a particular kind of business/ trade. 3. The usual method of creating an agency is by express authorization, that is a person is appointed to act for, or on behalf of another. **A majority of states, by statute, require the appointment of an agent to be in writing when the agency is created to acquire/dispose of any interest in land 4. An A. has implied incidental authority to perform any act reasonably necessary to execute the express authority given to the A. **3rd persons should recognize that a contract made with an officer of a private corp. may not be binding unless ratified by the P. 5. When the A, makes know the identity of the P. and the fact that the A is acting on behalf of that P., the P is disclosed. 6. To avoid any question of interpretation, an A should execute an instrument by signing the P’s name and either By: or Per: and the agents name 7. A P. is bound by a statement made by an A. while transacting business within the scope of authority. This means that the P cant later contradict the statement of an A and show that it is not true. Application –   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Alexander Sumner Company is one that buys and sells real estate and has subsidiaries that act as brokers bringing together commercial landlords with businesses that need to rent commercial space. One of those subsidiaries is the Alexander Sumner Industrial Company which is a corporation. James Hanson works as VP for that corporation. As VP Hanson negotiated and made contracts with businesses to rent commercial space, for the AS Company. He was an agent for the company in many of these situations before, and so he did have the authority as an agent to make arrangements with Ms. Rogers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now, when the arrangements were being made, Hanson told Ms. Rogers that a current tenant of a building had over 40,000 sq.

Wednesday, September 18, 2019

Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift :: English Literature

Gulliver's Travels by Jonathan Swift Jonathan Swift wrote Gulliver's Travels in the 1720's, he wrote it in a different style to modern authors because it was more normal in those days to do so; for example, he used more pompous and archaic words, longer sentences and longer paragraphs; Swift also used a lot of Satire and imaginary words in his book these made it more interesting and more believable. Nowadays his writing might sound strange to some people. I have been looking closely at the satire and style in chapter five of Gulliver's Travels and will comment on how he used them and what his intended effect was. In chapter five Swift uses archaic language such as, 'Viceroy,' when he wrote this I think he was just writing what came naturally to him, he didn't desire an effect to be created on the reader other than what the word meant; nowadays the archaic words he uses could create the effect of boredom or confusion, because the reader might not know what the words mean. Some of the words Swift uses are formal and pompous an example of one of these words is, 'Leathern Jerkin,' This is a posh word for a leather coat, it's effect on the reader is it shows them that Gulliver is a well educated man who has a wide vocabulary. I believe that this was swift's intention. This is the affect as it had on me as a reader. In the whole book there are a lot of long paragraphs longer than you would normally find in a book today. These can make the book hard for some people to read and it can also make the reader forget what beginning of the paragraph was before they finish it; however some modern books have long paragraphs as well, (I read a book recently and it had lots of long paragraphs which made the story very hard to keep track of and understand). I don't think Swift intended to confuse his readers but he might have confused some of them. Swift also used very long sentences throughout this novel an example of one from chapter five is, 'I had not yet seen it, and upon this notice of an intended invasion, I avoided appearing on that side of the coast, for fear of being discovered by some of the enemy's ships, who had received no intelligence of me, all intercourse between the two empires having been strictly forbidden during the war, upon pain of death, and an embargo laid by our Emperor upon all vessels whatsoever.' As you can see that is a very long sentence that probably

Tuesday, September 17, 2019

The Pelican Brief Essay -- English Literature Law Court System Essays

The Pelican Brief 1Â º Summary Two Supreme Court Judges has been murdered. Darby Shaw, a law student, wrote a brief (The Pelican Brief) about the linking between the two murders and Vitor Mattience, the owner of an oil company which wants to build a factory in the Louisiana's Marshlands and also a close fiend of the United States' President. Shaw gave the brief to his teacher (and boyfriend) Thomas Callaham who gave it to a FBI lawyer friend of him. Several days after Callaham is murdered by a bomb-car. Shaw get scared because the bomb was thought to kill her too and run away from New Orleans. Meanwhile Gary Graham, a Washington Post journalist, knew about the Pelican Brief from a lawyer, who used the nickname of Garcia, and wrote an article about it. Shaw read Graham's article and called him. While Shaw travelled among all the East Coast of USA running away from killers she phoned several times to Graham. Finally they met in New York City. Both, Shaw and Graham wanted to publish the Pelican Brief but first they needed to affirm the information of the brief with another source. And this source could be Garcia so they began a search all over Washington with only a photo of him and a few details of his private life. Finally after quite a lot of time they found Garcia's widow. He were killed few weeks ago in strange circumstances. Luckily he left in a safe box an affidavit and a video which confirmed the information of the brief. While the Washington Post published the story, starting the biggest crisis in the United States since Watergate, Shaw and Graham flew to the Virgin Islands. 2Â º Description of the main character of the book: Darby Shaw. Darby Shaw is a smart law student at Tulane Uni... ...el, and this will take another three or four months." Chapter thirty. P 255 Bankruptcy: The estate of a person who had been adjudged by a court to be insolvent. "Yeah, I worked in the bankruptcy section on the eight floor, and oil and gas covers half of eight and all of nine." Chapter thirty-six. P 332 & 333. Lawsuit: court case brought by one person or group against another. "Tell Jackson Feldman the lawsuit will be filed at nine in the morning, just as soon as the courthouse opens." Chapter forty-two. P 392. Affidavit: A sworn written statement used mainly for supporting applications and as evidence in court proceedings. The person who makes it must swear that the contents are true before a person authorised to take oaths. "It was a four-page affidavit, typed real neat and sworn to under oath before a notary public". Chapter Forty. P. 367.

Annotated King Lear Essay

In this article Neville’s key ideas are focused on the aspect of fathering. He makes connections between the fathering patterns of Lear, Gloucester and Cornwall. He starts with describing Regan’s reasoning for Edgars ‘recent behavior’. She states that his behavior is at the fault of King Lear’s 100 knights. â€Å"Was he not companion with the riotous knights that tend upon my father?†(2.1.94-95), which quickly becomes clear to everyone else that she does have a point, yet she is really just trying to rid Lear of his knights by placing the blame on them. Newman then shifts the focus to Cornwall who then realizes Edmund’s ‘loyalty’ to his father and almost immediately accepts him into their family, showing Cornwall’s foolishness by just accepting Edmund’s story without checking the verity of it. Newman suggests that â€Å"it is, perhaps his own lack of a son that blinds him to Edmund’s duplicity and leads him to, in effect, acclaim Edmund as his stepson.† (Newman, 191). Newman then brings up the irony in Cornwall adopting Edmund into his family. Edmund wanted to change the way society views bastards, that is why he came up with the plan to frame Edgar in the first place, and by having been accepted into a family by a member of this exact society, Edmund has achieved his goal. He then starts to make connections between the characters. Newman brings up the fact that Cornwall’s relationship with Edmund â€Å"†¦causes us to contrast his willingness to assume the told of father with the overall ineptitude of Lear and Gloucester as father figures.†(Newman, 192). He then brings up another connection between Lear’s concerns to recognize his daughter’s rights to his kingdom and Gloucester’s non-concern with his illegitimate son Edmund. He points out that Edmund was away for nine years therefor not being in contact with Gloucester nor Edgar for such a long period of time and yet Gloucester fully believes his story about Edgar. Newman says that this little knowledge of his family makes him a bad father and this â€Å"paternal failure parallels Lear’s† (Newman, 193). His closing paragraph states that the fact that both Cornwall’s and Gloucester’s eventual willingness to accept Edmund supports their parental ineptitude, which is a feature both men share with Lear. Adams, Robert P. â€Å"King Lear’s Revenges.† Modern Language Quarterly 21.3 (1960): 223. Literary Reference Center. Web. 14 Mar. 2013. Robert P. Adams â€Å"King Lear’s Revenges.† In Adams article he discusses King Lear’s revenges, focusing mostly on Lear’s revenge speech right before he heads out into a storm: I will have such revenges on you both That all the world shall—I will do such things— What they are yet I know not, but they shall be The terrors of the earth. (II.iv.281-84) He includes different personal views of King Lear from many different editors and authors; ranging in centuries from 1880 to 1950’s giving the reader a fascinating variety of different outlooks on Lear. He includes good and bad varieties as well, so it is not bias, such as the â€Å"Lear so confident in the ‘justice of his cause’ that he ‘need hardly formulate his plea’† (Adams, 223) view given from Chambers, a â€Å"Lear at the play’s outset ‘moved by injured self-esteem to anger which demands revenge’†(Adams, 223) reasoning giving by Campbell and Knights very different view of Lear, a more ridiculous Lear to which he wondered â€Å"’What could be more painfully incongruous, spoken†¦by an old man, a King, to his daughter? It is not far from the ridiculous.’† (Adams 223). Many other editors/authors that Adams refers to can relate to Knights view of Lear such as Leech, Hielman and Danby. Adams also includes Goneril’s view of her father as â€Å"Old fools are babes again†(I,iii.19). Adams states that â€Å"The view of Lear as impotent, absurd, even comic is most readily arrived at by those to tend (as do perhaps a majority of contemporary critics) to accept some version of Goneril’s Lear† (Adams, 224). Adams concludes that he does not agree with Knights statement that â€Å"Lear’s revenges provide us with a purgatory†(Adams 227) and sees Lear as a â€Å"great and heroic figure† (Adams,227). He also says that though Lear’s suffering he is â€Å"enabled in the end once again to accept and return the love he had earlier† (Adams, 227). Adams concludes that Lear’s revenges are to suffer and gain insight, â€Å"most of all into the nature of love as opposed to self-love.†(Adams 227). Reflection These two articles helped me understand and interpret many things about the play. In Newman’s article he made connections between the parenting patterns of three characters Cornwall, King Lear and Gloucester. I related to the connection Newman made between Lear’s concern with his daughters’ rights to the kingdom and how Gloucester spent his life denying and being embarrassed of his illegitimate son Edmund. Yet, the most enjoyable point in the article to me was when Newman pointed out the irony in the fact that both Cornwall and Gloucester finally accept Edmund. Cornwall didn’t accept him because he was a bastard and was frowned upon by society and Gloucester was embarrassed of his son. This showed me that this was not just a nice gesture by either man, which I had previously thought, yet really it was just an example of their gullibility and their lack of parenting skills. It showed me how both men were actually very stupid in making this decision because neither of them checked in his accusations about Edgar so see if they were even true. Newman also brings Lear into this, saying that the actions of Cornwall and Gloucester are parallel to those of Lear in the topic of fathering. These connections really made me see how each man failed in their own way to be good parents, and also how their parenting techniques were similar as well. Newman also wrote about the â€Å"satisfaction then, in seeing Cornwall, a representative of that section of society that has been concerned to exclude Edmund, willingly adsorb him and simultaneous hasten his own destruction.† (Newman, 192). This was one of my favourite lines in the article because I appreciate irony in literature, and I never fully saw the fact that Cornwall was a member of the same society that wanted bastards,like Edmund,to be gone. Yet he adopted him as a step son in only a few minutes. In Adams article I very much enjoyed all the different views of King Lear and his revenges; he added views of different people, and it was not just a long article about just his view of King Lear. This gave me many different insights of King Lear as a character. I affiliated with Campbell’s reasoning for King Lear’s revenge, that it was his injured self-esteem that caused him to seek revenge. I already had an idea like this because of how self-obsessed Lear is, yet I thought it was just out of pure anger for the way his daughters’ were acting, not because of an injured ego. I also never considered Danby’s reasoning/view of King Lear. He says that Lear returns to the first-scene mood where he â€Å"took himself to be God the rewarder of merits. Now he will be God the avenger of iniquities.† (Adams, 224). I genuinely like this reasoning and relish the way he said it because it almost makes you feel the same way Lear is feeling when he vows to take revenge on his daughters’. It is a very powerful and reasonable retaliation against his daughters’ that makes me think of him as a God in a way: I have given, and I will shall take away! In conclusion these two articles have helped me see three main characters in many different aspects and have helped me define and develop each character in my own personal way.

Monday, September 16, 2019

Construction Business Memo

The contract value for this project will be for a guaranteed maximum price of $). All work will be completed as required in the modified General Conditions and the Standard Form of Agreement for a Guaranteed Construction has great interest in this project because it is a design of steel base construction we are familiar with. The design is ambitious and will be a great addition to the campus. We are familiar with this type of space frame, base isolation design as it was recently implemented in the Lab project for which we were the General ContractorConstruction Manager. This project was successful through the involvement of the construction management team in the preconstruction process. A constant exchange of ideas determined the best fabrication and erection practices and team members were able to agree upon major cost and constructability issues. We propose for this project with the stipulation that we are highly involved in preconstruction process. On a site with such grade slope, shoring, erection and accessibility are complex issues that require strategic planning. Our project and field teams understand base isolator design constructability and will be able to fficiently and safely implement the product per the desired outcomes of To prepare to build a facility being constructed on a narrow steep slope between a road and adjacent buildings we will need to grub and clear the hillside, construct a retaining wall and begin excavation for the concrete pier foundations. This ensures the safety of the general public using the road and will provide the stability needed in a steep hillside. Construction will anticipate and schedule crane picks of steel and material to mitigate partial road closures. Supports will be temp welded to the oundations while the steel is being erected to counter uplift. This is a hazard characteristic of a raised deck structure that many overlook. BIM (Building Information Modeling) will be a valuable tool throughout this project. The facility's design complexity will require a great deal of precise prefabrication. Each structural member of the base frame must be aligned perfectly and this task alone requires innovation. Our pre construction team worked very closely with the design team on our Lab project and the dividends were countless. We encountered one single misalignment in the space frame base which happened to be a flaw n fabrication. The use of BIM proved to not only save costs in time and material but was a means of checks and balances in terms of insuring engineering integrity of the structure itself. Our team is well suited for and recently experienced this preconstruction collaboration. The project will be a testament to the dedication has to pushing design and innovation to its limit. Construction offers the calculated construction techniques needed to safely and smoothly execute these leading edge designs. Please contact myself or our offices with any questions. We patiently await your response.

Sunday, September 15, 2019

Rikki Tikki Tavi Essay

When Ricketier hears Nag and Angina plotting to harm his family, he immediately begins to think of a way to help out, â€Å"Now, if kill him here, Nag an will know; and if I fight him on the open floor, the odds are in his favor. † (Para 54) . This proves bravery because Ricketier is thinking about the wellbeing of his family before he's thinking about his wellbeing and the consequences. Courage is demonstrate dated here because it shows even though that most individuals may think of a moon goose as a small creature, Ricketier demolishes that idea by being brave when it matter the most.While Ricketier is talking with Nag, a slight wave of anger washes over h â€Å"Well,† said Ricketier, and his tail began to fluff up again, â€Å"marks or no marks, do you think it is right for you to eat fledglings out of a nest? † (Para 25). Ricketier stop d up for a friend even though he was unsure about what might happen next. Ricketier w as kind enough to help out somebody he didn't know well. If Ricketier decided to go o n the â€Å"renouncement† path, then he wouldn't have been as willing to step up. These w re just a few examples Of Ricketier showing daring and friendly behavior.In the story, Angina IS determined and protective. In paragraph 88, Angina states that she wants to bite Teddy and his family to get rid of Ricketier. She made a plan and stuck to it. This acknowledges the fact that Angina didn't let her fee r of Ricketier stop her from doing what she wanted to do. Even though people HTH ink of snakes as tough creatures, they do get scared sometimes. The fact that Nag an didn't let fear stop her proves that the size of a person doesn't indicate the size of the argue. Angina is similar to Rollicking because Ricketier kept on trying until reached his goal.As Ricketier tells Angina that he has possession of one of h ere eggs she â€Å"spun clear round, forgetting everything for the sake of the one egg,† (par a 95). The character tr ait, protectiveness, is shown because Angina was willing to Stop important task to save her family. She was brave enough to turn her back in a dangerous situation and was willing to risk herself to save one of her eggs. Risk kiting has a similarity to Angina because he saved his family multiple times even w en it meant danger for him.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

Making People to Vote

I believe there are many ways to get people to vote, but I believe the main way is through education. When people are educated on a subject, they know about it and what to do with it. A lot of people are uneducated on voting, so they don't know things, like how to register and where to vote. If we educate the public on voting and the benefits of it, more people would vote. This essay will discuss some of the possible ways of educating the public on voting. One way would be to make an educational commercial aimed towards the younger people in our society. Kind of like what Rock The Vote did, but more informational. My commercial would inform people how to register, how to find out where the voting booth is, along with all the set backs of not voting. I would talk about how you're giving up your freedom by not voting, because you're letting someone else decide who should be in charge. I would also make it very clear that everyone's vote matters! That's another big problem, each individual feels that they can't make a difference, because â€Å"they're only one vote†. I would also talk about the importance of knowing the people running in the elections and what they stand for, because if you're uneducated, you really won't make a difference. This is basically what I would talk about and it would definitely be aimed towards younger people. Another way to get people to vote would be to have a required educational program in high schools, that teaches kids every thing they need to know in order to vote. This would work very well, because it would teach younger people how and why to vote. You could also discuss candidates, how to find out about them, and what they stand for. Another way would be to educate people through fliers and brochures. This would be a lot harder and wouldn't reach as many people, but it would still educate some. A better way would be through a national magazine that talked about the importance of voting and the candidates that are currently running. This would work very well, because you would be educating people and getting them excited to vote. Overall, there are many ways to get people to vote, but I personally believe that voting comes through education. I believe the best way to increase the voting, is to increase the education of it among younger people.

Friday, September 13, 2019

Force Field Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Force Field - Essay Example The implication is that, the teacher-librarian must be allowed to play the role of the proactive team player. Within the school environment, a school librarian promotes cooperation through constant advocacy of social modification, particularly through appreciating people and stirring their confidence in the librarian’s functions. Basically, improved student learning requires librarians who are respected and admired by both the students and the faculty. For any school, the administration’s role in the development and maintenance of strong library programs is inevitable where improving student learning is the main objective (Haycock 83-84). However, without the recognition and support of librarians and teacher-librarians, the attitude by the administration, teachers, and students changes to view librarians as sources of distress. Consequently, the school librarian will not be viewed as a crucial aspect of students’ lifelong learning. Other negative consequences include lack of staff commitment to teaching, poorly managed library services like lack of up-to-date collections, low or lack of individual student library use besides class visitation, lack of integration of information literacy instructions into the curriculum, and rare collaboration with teachers among others (Hartzell 12-13). In my opinion, collaboration between school librarians and teachers requires administration support since this allows librarians to experience role expansion allowing them to deliver supplementary and critical services like research support that identifies crucial information for use in improved administrative decisions (Haycork 27) Additionally, administration support allows librarians to support targeted students including special needs, new teachers and counsellors. This is possible only when the librarian is adaptable and flexible and when the teachers understand curriculum goals. These forces can be

Thursday, September 12, 2019

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative and quantitative Essay

Discuss the strengths and weaknesses of qualitative and quantitative research methodologies; identify the major characteristics of both methodologies - Essay Example A research method that includes the collection of words and illustration through the text comes under the research methodology called as qualitative research method. It does not include the numerical values for elaboration of the research approach (Miles and Huberman, 1994). The investigation of real-time study of scenario is the best way to understand the related positive and negative aspects (Cresswell, 2009). The qualitative research methodology presents a huge related textual material regarding the concerned matter. The views and beliefs of different authors from the literature are presented in quantitative research method. Also the actual field study results and views are generated and compared to other practitioners that leads towards the final wording about the underlying challenges. The real world scenarios are studied under this method and presented in a theoretical form. In the qualitative research method, less number of respondents are found, because each of them has to pay his/her time for conducting the survey prepared by the qualitative research analyst. It consumes time of another person for gathering the information. Without having the knowledge of field persons, only literature is not enough to understand the phenomena that cannot produce the exact outcome of the concerned matter. The selected individuals have to answer the open ended questions, which take much time as compared to close ended queries. The qualitative analysis uses different kinds of techniques for the collection of data (Cresswell, 2009). The assessment of data through the numerical values comes under the definition of quantitative research methodology. The results generation procedure is composed of tables, graphical presentation, and statistical analysis (BSBA, 2012). The quantitative research methodology requires proper procedure for sampling. All collected results regarding a single question is measured numerically and statistical analysis is performed for

Wednesday, September 11, 2019

Arg Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arg Synthesis - Essay Example Additionally, the paper will define global warming. Consequently, it will analyze the causes of global warming and SDSU’s commitment in honoring the climate action plan (CAP). Global warming is primarily defined as the amplification and rise in earth’s temperature because of fossil fuels, industrial pollution and agricultural practices by human beings, and natural gas emissions (Chapin III et al, 1991). Due to these factors, greenhouse gases are emitted into the atmosphere in large quantities. Short wave solar radiations are absorbed into the earth hence increasing its surface temperature. According to experts, greenhouse gases are the main cause of the rise of the earth’s temperature. Greenhouse gases increase the heat trapping ability of the earth. The major causes of global warming are divided into two groups; man-made causes and natural causes. Natural causes are the factors amplified by nature. For example, the emission of methane gas from frosty tundra and wetlands is an example of a natural cause. Methane gas traps heat in the earth’s atmospheres hence raising earth’s temperature. As such, it is a greenhouse gas. Meanwhile, man-made causes result from human activities on the surface of the earth. Man-made effects are the major cause of global warming. Pollution is the major cause of global warming. It results from coal, fossil fuels or oil burning pollutes the environment by releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Also, methane gas is released into the atmosphere when human beings excavate fossil fuels or minerals. The increase in the human population is another significant cause of global warming. A higher population means more transportation methods are needed, which translates to more fossil fuels b eing mined and burned hence increasing methane gas in the atmosphere (Cox et al, 2000). Additionally, an increase in population means more land is being cleared for farming and settlements. This has an impact

Tuesday, September 10, 2019

Business Plan for setting up an e-commerce site Coursework

Business Plan for setting up an e-commerce site - Coursework Example Government incentives to prep up this technology and support programmes to reach a larger customer base have paid dividends. (Payman, Rosemario et al, May 2006) 3. Social factors like the willingness of the both the newer and older generation who have embraced this technology and have asserted themselves in becoming computer literate. (Zorayda Ruth Andam, 2003) 4. Economic factors where higher GDP growth has lead to higher incomes have provided incentives to people to look for alternative shopping options. Innovations in banking like net banking, debit card and credit card banking have also helped customers to try out this area of virtual shopping. (Payman, Rosemario et al, May 2006) With these infrastructures in place the idea of a online site for quality paintings seems to be a workable proposition especially since the market for interior decoration is booming and there are people who, similar to gold are willing to invest in painting as they see it fetching them an exponential ret urn should they plan to sell the same in the future. Marketing Concepts for the e-commerce environment and the use of social networking sites Some of the different models of e-commerce used for marketing of a product include B2B (business-to-business), business-to-consumer (B2C), business-to-government (B2G), consumer-to-consumer (C2C) and mobile commerce (m-commerce) 1. In the B2B model, businesses sell their products to other businesses. This model of marketing forms a significant chunk of the e-commerce market. (Zorayda Ruth Andam, 2003) This employs techniques such as e-distributor where a company hosts products viable for use in different businesses. 2. In the B2C model, the business transaction takes place... Business Plan for setting up an e-commerce site As a business plan, the idea is to introduce a segment that would target a niche audience as well as create a platform for others to showcase their products on the website. I plan to develop a website that would cater to the lovers of art and painting. As part of my research I have found that there are limited areas where true connoisseurs of art are able to purchase quality painting or works of art. In cases where an actual physical auction takes place, some buyers miss the event simply due to their ignorance regarding the sale or they are not able to make it to the event due to prior commitments. The idea of such a website is that information regarding the best pieces of art that are up for sale are sourced from various countries through a ground network and these works are actually showcased in this website. A minimum price is fixed along with a cut off date so that art lovers can place their bid by the closing date. After the closing date & time, the piece would be shipped to the customers shipping address provided in the transaction using the services of a reliable courier like Fedex. The money after taking a percentage cut would be transferred via net banking to the creator of the artistic piece. A robust infrastructure has already proved to be quite effective in the rapid growth of e-commerce.The business plan draft required in this assignment is a form of C2C commerce wherein a website designed by me shall act as a platform for online auctions for products related to paintings and other crafts.

Monday, September 9, 2019

Legal Issues in Reduction of Workforce Case Study

Legal Issues in Reduction of Workforce - Case Study Example How did you balance the legal risk of terminating individuals from a protected class against the business risk of losing valuable talent Are there are any extenuating regulatory circumstances(e.g exceptions to employment at will, or collective bargaining agreement )that would affect the decision to terminate the above referenced employees Collective bargaining consists of negotiations between an employer and a group of employees so as to determine the conditions of employment. The result of collective bargaining procedures is a collective agreement. Employees are often represented in bargaining by a union or other labor organization. Collective bargaining is governed by federal and state statutory laws, administrative agency regulations, and judicial decisions. In areas where federal and state law overlap, state laws are preempted. See, U.S. Constitution, Art. VI The main body of law governing collective bargaining is the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA). It explicitly grants employees the right to collectively bargain and join trade unions. The NLRA was originally enacted by Congress in 1935 under its power to regulate interstate commerce. See, U.S. Constitution Art. I, Section 8. ... The act prohibits employers from interfering with this selection. The NLRA requires the employer to bargain with the appointed representative of its employees. It does not require either side to agree to a proposal or make concessions but does establish procedural guidelines on good faith bargaining. Proposals which would violate the NLRA or other laws may not be subject to collective bargaining. The NLRA also establishes regulations on what tactics (e.g. strikes, lock-outs, picketing) each side may employ to further their bargaining objectives. State laws further regulate collective bargaining and make collective agreements enforceable under state law. They may also provide guidelines for those employers and employees not covered by the NLRA, such as agricultural laborers. Arbitration is a method of dispute resolution used as an alternative to litigation. It is commonly designated in collective agreements between employers and employees as the way to resolve disputes. The parties select a neutral third party (an arbiter) to hold a formal or informal hearing on the disagreement. The arbiter then issues a decision binding on the parties. Both federal and state law governs the practice of arbitration. While the Federal Arbitration Act, by its own terms, is not applicable to employment contracts, federal courts are increasingly applying the law in labor disputes. Fourty-nine states have adopted the Uniform Arbitration Act (1956) as state law. Thus, the arbitration agreement and decision of the arbiter may be enforceable under state and federal law. Employment Discrimination laws seek to prevent discrimination based on race, sex, religion, national origin, physical disability, and age by

Sunday, September 8, 2019

Eyewitness Memory and the Misinformation Effect Essay

Eyewitness Memory and the Misinformation Effect - Essay Example In comparison of both the events, the mugging event brought more correct responses than the shoplifting one. This is because the non-critical events which were being questioned later on were more diverse, well-spread and frequent in the shoplifting one; and hence the greater the probability for error. Whereas in the mugging event, there were less distractions within the same genre and sequence of the happenings for the viewer. The difference in performance was based on the settings and stimuli available. It is not significant as to how different the scores of people are in the two events, but actually the fact that there is a significant variation from the correct score because of misinformation and lapses in short-term memory. Whenever there would be previous information about a previously known object, then the same type of results would surface. Only in a totally new object would the circumstances actually turn out as different. This is because a totally new object would be viewed with full focus, and because there was no previous information to dilute the new concept. The essence lies not in distractions, but in wastage of learned stimuli as part of the memorizing process. For the same reason, learning is also referred to as a relatively permanent change in behaviour. The likelihood of reporting misinformation therefore shall always be there, as the human mind perceives due to varying abilities of attention and cognition - and this difference shall always prevail. The test group presented a lesser amount of 'wastage' in information, but nonetheless, it was still there. The reason is, that the greater the number of stimuli, the more the stress will be on the sensory processes; therefore, memorizing an event 'as it is' would become next to impossible. The controls though had lesser distractions, nonetheless, the fact that they did make mistakes due to their human limitations, makes this concept even more lucid. Also, there is the probability of the zone of 'transference' possibly originating in the testimony of the witness. This basically refers to the relationship the interviewer can have with the interviewee. This may be positive or negative. This can influence the testimony of the witness to sway in either direction, depending on the mood and relationship parameter he intends to adopts with the interviewer. Discussion The misinformation effect can be explained as a memory bias that happens when misinformation affects people's reports of their own memory. This implies, that a person who is experiencing the misinformation effect, is likely to 'pollute' and/or 'dilute' the actual event due to the information already present in the human beings' memory. Distinguishing and differentiating the memory slots, especially when the stimulus is being at a very high speed, then becomes a very difficult task. Loftus and colleagues elaborate this concept, by elucidating that there are two kinds of information which go into a person's memory of an intricate event. The first is the information obtained from perceiving the occurrence, and the second is the additional information supplied to us after the event has taken place. As time passes by, these events get interlinked and entwined with each other, thereby making it virtually impossible to separate the actual event from the previous memory of the individual. What is left in the end is one collective