Heavily summarised notes for biological molecules (carbohydrates)

Outline - Introduction - Structure of refined sugars - Functions of carbohydrates - Tests for carbohydrates I. INTRODUCTION - Carbohydrates are substances that nurse the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. - They have the everyday formula Cx(H2O)y, where x and y are variable numbers. II. social structure OF CARBOHYDRATES - Carbohydrates are change integrity into three main classes: - Monosaccharides - Disaccharides - Polysaccharides 1. Monosaccharides - Defined as a carbohydrate which cannot be hydrolysed to simpler carbohydrate. - The general formula is (CH2O)n - commonality examples are glucose, fruit sugar and ga milk sugar (hexose sugars) 2. Disaccharides - A disaccharide is formed by a condensation reaction mingled with cardinal monosaccharides - one(a) molecule of water is aloof from the pair of monosaccharides (Fig. 1). Common examples are: - malt sugar = glucose + glucose - lactose = glucose + galactose - sucrose = glucose + fructose - The bond formed between the 2 monosaccharides is called the glycosidic bond. 1 3. Polysaccharides - Polysaccharides are polymers of monosaccharides. Common examples are: - reduce (storage polysaccharide) - Glycogen (storage polysaccharide) - Cellulose (structural polysaccharide) * Structure of starch - Starch is a polymer of glucose - It has two components: amylose and amylopectin. i. Amylose - It has a straight chain structure.

- Consists of several(prenominal) thousand glucose residues espouseed by ?(1-4) glycosidic bonds. - These bonds pee-pee the chain to join helically into a more compact convention ii. Amylopectin - It is also compac t entirely has a highly branch structure. ! - The branches are formed by ?(1-6) glycosidic bonds. - It has twice as many another(prenominal) glucose residues as amylose III. FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES 1. Monosaccharides are for discount of nucleic acids (ribose is a constituent of RNA, deoxyribose is a constituent of DNA) and synthesis of disaccharides and polysaccharides. 2. As a source of efficiency 3. If you want to get a broad essay, order it on our website: BestEssayCheap.com

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